Test Paper - Plant Kingdom

Q1. In Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification, cyanobacteria were placed under:

Explanation: Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic and belong to Kingdom Monera, although earlier systems grouped them with algae in Plantae.[file:1]

Q2. Cyanobacteria are no longer considered algae mainly because they:

Explanation: Cyanobacteria are unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes placed in Monera, not eukaryotic algae.[file:1]

Q3. Numerical taxonomy primarily differs from earlier systems because it:

Explanation: In numerical taxonomy, numbers are assigned to many observable characters and processed by computers, giving each equal weight.[file:1]

Q4. Chemotaxonomy is most useful when:

Explanation: Chemotaxonomy uses chemical constituents of plants to clarify taxonomic relationships when morphology alone is not decisive.[file:1]

Q5. Half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is attributed largely to:

Explanation: Algae perform massive photosynthesis in oceans and freshwater, accounting for roughly half of global CO₂ fixation.[file:1]

Q6. Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems are predominantly:

Explanation: Algae are dominant primary producers in aquatic food chains.[file:1]

Q7. Algin is commercially obtained from:

Explanation: Algin is a hydrocolloid obtained mainly from brown algae such as Laminaria and Sargassum.[file:1]

Q8. Agar used in microbial culture media is obtained from:

Explanation: Agar is extracted from red algae like Gelidium and Gracilaria.[file:1]

Q9. Chlorella is especially significant because it:

Explanation: Chlorella is a unicellular, protein-rich green alga used as a food supplement, including for space travellers.[file:1]

Q10. The chief storage product in Chlorophyceae is:

Explanation: Green algae store starch, commonly associated with pyrenoids in the chloroplasts.[file:1]

Q11. The dominant pigments of Chlorophyceae are:

Explanation: Chlorophyceae are green due to chlorophyll a and b.[file:1]

Q12. Fucoxanthin is the characteristic pigment of:

Explanation: Brown colour of Phaeophyceae is mainly due to the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin.[file:1]

Q13. Food in brown algae is stored mainly as:

Explanation: Brown algae store food as complex carbohydrates, chiefly laminarin and mannitol.[file:1]

Q14. Floridean starch is the reserve food material of:

Explanation: Rhodophyceae store food as floridean starch, similar to amylopectin.[file:1]

Q15. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they:

Explanation: Bryophytes live mainly on land but need water for motile sperm to reach the egg.[file:1]

Q16. The dominant generation in bryophytes is the:

Explanation: The haploid gametophyte forms the main, long-lived plant body in bryophytes.[file:1]

Q17. Gemmae in Marchantia are:

Explanation: Gemmae are multicellular, green asexual propagules produced in gemma cups on the thallus of Marchantia.[file:1]

Q18. Protonema stage occurs in the life cycle of:

Explanation: In mosses like Funaria, the first gametophytic stage is a creeping, filamentous protonema.[file:1]

Q19. In pteridophytes, the main plant body is:

Explanation: Pteridophytes have a dominant diploid sporophyte differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.[file:1]

Q20. The heart-shaped thalloid gametophyte of ferns is known as:

Explanation: The fern gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped thallus called prothallus.[file:1]

Q21. Heterospory is exhibited in pteridophytes such as:

Explanation: Selaginella and Salvinia produce microspores and megaspores and are heterosporous.[file:1]

Q22. Coralloid roots with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are characteristic of:

Explanation: Cycas produces coralloid roots associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.[file:1]

Q23. Needle-like leaves, thick cuticle and sunken stomata are typical of:

Explanation: Conifers show xeromorphic traits like needle leaves, thick cuticle and sunken stomata to reduce water loss.[file:1]

Q24. In gymnosperms, the male gametophyte is:

Explanation: In gymnosperms the reduced male gametophyte is the pollen grain, confined to a few cells within the microspore wall.[file:1]

Q25. The smallest angiosperm mentioned in the chapter is:

Explanation: Angiosperms range from the tiny Wolffia to very tall Eucalyptus trees.[file:1]

Q26. Assertion: Cyanobacteria are no longer placed under algae in the plant kingdom. Reason: Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms belonging to Monera.

Explanation: Cyanobacteria are excluded from Plantae because they are prokaryotic Monerans, so the reason correctly explains the assertion.[file:1]

Q27. Assertion: Artificial systems of classification may separate closely related species. Reason: Artificial systems often rely on few superficial morphological characters.

Explanation: Artificial systems use few superficial traits, so closely related species can be placed apart; the reason explains the assertion.[file:1]

Q28. Assertion: Natural classification systems emphasise overall affinities among organisms. Reason: These systems consider external morphology, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.

Explanation: Natural systems use many internal and external features, giving a better idea of natural affinities.[file:1]

Q29. Assertion: Numerical taxonomy can handle hundreds of characters in classification. Reason: In numerical taxonomy, characters are coded and processed using computers.

Explanation: Because numerical taxonomy codes many traits and analyses them by computers, it can incorporate hundreds of characters.[file:1]

Q30. Assertion: Algae significantly increase dissolved oxygen in water bodies. Reason: Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophs performing photosynthesis in aquatic habitats.

Explanation: Photosynthesis by aquatic algae releases oxygen, raising dissolved O₂; thus the reason explains the assertion.[file:1]

Q31. Assertion: Kelp are examples of large marine plant bodies. Reason: Kelp belong to Chlorophyceae that bear fucoxanthin pigment.

Explanation: Kelps are large marine brown algae (Phaeophyceae), not Chlorophyceae, so the assertion is true but the reason is false.[file:1]

Q32. Assertion: Green algae have pyrenoids in chloroplasts. Reason: Pyrenoids are storage bodies containing protein besides starch.

Explanation: Chlorophyceae often have pyrenoids in their chloroplasts, which store protein and starch, so the reason explains the assertion.[file:1]

Q33. Assertion: Brown algae vary in colour from olive green to brown. Reason: Variation in amount of fucoxanthin determines their colour.

Explanation: Fucoxanthin content causes the range of colours in Phaeophyceae from olive to brown.[file:1]

Q34. Assertion: Red algae can occur at great depths in oceans. Reason: Their pigment phycoerythrin efficiently absorbs light available in deep water.

Explanation: Phycoerythrin allows red algae to utilise the light spectrum present in deeper waters, supporting depth distribution.[file:1]

Q35. Assertion: Bryophyte sporophyte is partially parasitic on gametophyte. Reason: Bryophyte sporophyte is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.

Explanation: The sporophyte depends nutritionally on the attached gametophyte, hence is partially parasitic on it.[file:1]

Q36. Assertion: Mosses and lichens are pioneer colonisers on bare rocks. Reason: They help in rock decomposition and soil formation.

Explanation: Mosses with lichens initiate succession by breaking rocks and accumulating organic matter to form soil.[file:1]

Q37. Assertion: Liverwort thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate. Reason: Liverworts usually grow in moist shady habitats like banks of streams and damp soil.

Explanation: Both statements are true, but habitat alone does not fully explain dorsiventral thallus organisation.[file:1]

Q38. Assertion: In moss, protonema develops directly from a spore. Reason: Protonema is the first creeping, filamentous, green stage of moss gametophyte.

Explanation: Protonema arises from spore and represents the initial filamentous stage of moss gametophyte, so the reason explains it.[file:1]

Q39. Assertion: Pteridophytes are the first vascular land plants. Reason: They possess xylem and phloem in true roots, stems and leaves.

Explanation: Pteridophytes are first to show well-developed vascular tissues in true organs, explaining their status as first vascular land plants.[file:1]

Q40. Assertion: Spread of living pteridophytes is restricted geographically. Reason: Their gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places and water for fertilisation.

Explanation: Because gametophytes are small and need moist conditions and water for sperm transfer, pteridophytes are confined to such habitats.[file:1]

Q41. Assertion: Heterospory in Selaginella is considered a precursor to seed habit. Reason: Female gametophytes develop within megaspores retained on parent sporophyte where zygote and embryo develop.

Explanation: Retention of megaspore and female gametophyte on sporophyte, with embryo developing there, parallels seed habit.[file:1]

Q42. Assertion: Gymnosperms are called naked-seeded plants. Reason: Their ovules and seeds are not enclosed by any ovary wall.

Explanation: Gymnosperm ovules and seeds are exposed on megasporophylls, not enclosed by ovary, hence 'naked-seeded'.[file:1]

Q43. Assertion: Some gymnosperm roots form mycorrhiza. Reason: In Pinus, roots show association with fungi forming mycorrhiza.

Explanation: Pinus roots commonly form mycorrhizal associations, exemplifying mycorrhiza in gymnosperms.[file:1]

Q44. Assertion: Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms are independent and free-living. Reason: Both types of gametophytes remain within sporangia retained on sporophyte.

Explanation: Gymnosperm gametophytes are not free-living; they remain within sporangia on the sporophyte.[file:1]

Q45. Assertion: Angiosperms have flowers as reproductive structures. Reason: In angiosperms, pollen grains and ovules are produced in specialised structures called flowers.

Explanation: Flowers are defining reproductive organs of angiosperms, enclosing pollen and ovules.[file:1]

Q46. Assertion: Dicots and monocots are the two major classes of angiosperms. Reason: They differ chiefly in number of cotyledons in the embryo.

Explanation: Dicotyledons have two cotyledons while monocotyledons have one, forming the primary distinction between them.[file:1]

Q47. Assertion: In bryophytes, gametophyte is haploid while sporophyte is diploid. Reason: The sporophyte arises from zygote formed after fusion of haploid gametes.

Explanation: Fusion of haploid gametes forms a diploid zygote that develops into the diploid sporophyte.[file:1]

Q48. Assertion: Algae show all three types of sexual reproduction: isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy. Reason: In Ulothrix, Eudorina and Volvox, these different types of gamete fusion are observed.

Explanation: Ulothrix shows isogamy, Eudorina anisogamy and Volvox oogamy, demonstrating all three types among algae.[file:1]

Q49. Assertion: Pollen tube in gymnosperms carries male gametes to archegonia. Reason: After reaching ovule, pollen tube releases male gametes near mouth of archegonium.

Explanation: In gymnosperms, pollen tube grows through nucellus and discharges male gametes close to archegonia.[file:1]

Q50. Assertion: Moss sporophyte is more elaborate than liverwort sporophyte. Reason: Moss sporophyte bears foot, seta and capsule and shows an elaborate spore dispersal mechanism.

Explanation: Moss sporophyte with capsule and dispersal structures is more complex than that of liverworts.[file:1]

Q51. Match algal classes with pigments: A. Chlorophyceae B. Phaeophyceae C. Rhodophyceae 1. Chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin 2. Chlorophyll a, b 3. Chlorophyll a, d, phycoerythrin

Explanation: Chlorophyceae: a,b; Phaeophyceae: a,c,fucoxanthin; Rhodophyceae: a,d,phycoerythrin.[file:1]

Q52. Match algal classes with stored food: A. Chlorophyceae B. Phaeophyceae C. Rhodophyceae 1. Mannitol and laminarin 2. Floridean starch 3. Starch in pyrenoids

Explanation: Green algae store starch, brown algae laminarin/mannitol and red algae floridean starch.[file:1]

Q53. Match organisms with groups: A. Chlamydomonas B. Funaria C. Selaginella D. Cycas 1. Bryophyte 2. Alga 3. Pteridophyte 4. Gymnosperm

Explanation: Chlamydomonas (alga), Funaria (bryophyte), Selaginella (pteridophyte), Cycas (gymnosperm).[file:1]

Q54. Match forms with habitat/size: A. Kelps B. Chlorella C. Laminaria D. Sargassum 1. Unicellular alga, food supplement 2. Marine brown alga used as food 3. Massive marine plant bodies 4. Brown alga producing algin

Explanation: Kelps are massive brown algae; Chlorella is unicellular; Laminaria as food; Sargassum gives algin.[file:1]

Q55. Match groups with dominant generation: A. Algae B. Bryophytes C. Pteridophytes D. Gymnosperms 1. Dominant gametophyte; sporophyte dependent 2. Dominant sporophyte; gametophyte reduced 3. Thalloid haploid body predominates 4. Highly reduced gametophyte retained on sporophyte

Explanation: True algae often have thalloid haploid body; bryophytes have dominant gametophyte; pteridophytes and seed plants have dominant sporophyte with reduced gametophyte in gymnosperms.[file:1]

Q56. Match taxa with reproductive organ: A. Bryophytes B. Pteridophytes C. Gymnosperms D. Angiosperms 1. Flowers 2. Archegonia and antheridia on prothallus 3. Archegonia on gametophyte with biflagellate antherozoids 4. Archegonia in ovules; pollen grains as male gametophyte

Explanation: Bryophytes: archegonia/antheridia on gametophyte; Pteridophytes: on prothallus; Gymnosperms: archegonia in ovules, pollen grains as male gametophyte; Angiosperms: flowers.[file:1]

Q57. Match plant body with feature: A. Liverwort B. Moss C. Fern D. Marchantia 1. Dorsiventral thallus, gemma cups 2. Upright leafy axes from protonema 3. Dorsiventral thallus of liverwort 4. Sporophyte with macrophylls

Explanation: Liverworts have dorsiventral thallus; Marchantia is a liverwort with gemma cups; mosses have leafy axes from protonema; ferns have large fronds.[file:1]

Q58. Match groups with vascular tissue presence: A. Algae B. Bryophytes C. Pteridophytes D. Gymnosperms 1. No true vascular tissue 2. First land plants with xylem and phloem 3. Well-developed vascular system with naked seeds 4. Mostly aquatic thalloid without vascular tissue

Explanation: Algae and bryophytes lack vascular tissues; pteridophytes are first vascular cryptogams; gymnosperms have advanced vascular tissue and seeds.[file:1]

Q59. Match pteridophyte classes with example: A. Psilopsida B. Lycopsida C. Sphenopsida D. Pteropsida 1. Psilotum 2. Selaginella, Lycopodium 3. Equisetum 4. Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum

Explanation: Psilotum (Psilopsida), Selaginella/Lycopodium (Lycopsida), Equisetum (Sphenopsida), ferns (Pteropsida).[file:1]

Q60. Match spore type with plant: A. Homosporous plants B. Heterosporous plants 1. Most pteridophytes 2. Selaginella 3. Salvinia

Explanation: Most pteridophytes are homosporous; Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous.[file:1]

Q61. Match roots with association: A. Pinus B. Cycas C. Mosses D. Bryophytic thalli 1. Mycorrhiza 2. Coralloid roots with cyanobacteria 3. Multicellular rhizoids 4. Unicellular or multicellular rhizoids

Explanation: Pinus: mycorrhiza; Cycas: coralloid roots; mosses: multicellular rhizoids; bryophytes in general have uni- or multicellular rhizoids.[file:1]

Q62. Match life-cycle event with group: A. Zygote immediately undergoes meiosis B. Zygote forms sporophyte attached to gametophyte C. Zygote develops into independent sporophyte with seeds D. Zygote forms sporophyte with a prothallus stage 1. Bryophyte 2. Pteridophyte 3. Gymnosperm 4. Many algae

Explanation: Many algae show zygotic meiosis; bryophyte sporophyte remains attached to gametophyte; gymnosperm sporophyte is independent seed plant; pteridophytes have a prothallus gametophyte.[file:1]

Q63. Match structures with group: A. Strobilus (cone) of sporophylls B. Gemma cup C. Protonema D. Prothallus 1. Marchantia 2. Funaria 3. Selaginella / Equisetum 4. Fern

Explanation: Strobili in Selaginella/Equisetum; gemma cups in Marchantia; protonema in Funaria; prothallus in ferns.[file:1]

Q64. Match plant group with economic product: A. Sphagnum B. Brown algae C. Red algae D. Chlorella 1. Peat, packing material 2. Algin 3. Agar, carrageenan 4. Protein-rich food supplement

Explanation: Sphagnum yields peat; brown algae yield algin; red algae yield agar/carrageenan; Chlorella is protein-rich.[file:1]

Q65. Match habitat with group: A. Largely aquatic thalloid autotrophs B. Moist shady terrestrial plants without true roots C. Cool damp terrestrial plants with vascular tissues D. Seed plants with flowers 1. Bryophytes 2. Pteridophytes 3. Angiosperms 4. Algae

Explanation: Algae: aquatic; bryophytes: moist land without true roots; pteridophytes: vascular cryptogams; angiosperms: seed plants with flowers.[file:1]

Q66. Match algae with type of gamete fusion: A. Ulothrix B. Spirogyra C. Eudorina D. Volvox 1. Isogamous 2. Anisogamous 3. Oogamous

Explanation: Ulothrix and Spirogyra: isogamous; Eudorina: anisogamous; Volvox: oogamous.[file:1]

Q67. Match gymnosperm feature with genus: A. Unbranched stem; pinnate leaves B. Branched stem; mycorrhizal roots C. Dwarf and long shoots D. Coralloid roots 1. Cycas 2. Pinus 3. Ginkgo 4. Cycas

Explanation: Cycas has unbranched stem, pinnate leaves and coralloid roots; Pinus has branched stem and mycorrhiza; Ginkgo shows dwarf and long shoots.[file:1]

Q68. Match life cycle dominance with example: A. Dominant gametophyte, dependent sporophyte B. Dominant sporophyte, independent gametophyte C. Dominant sporophyte, reduced gametophyte retained D. Predominantly thalloid haploid stage only 1. Moss 2. Fern 3. Pinus 4. Ulothrix

Explanation: Moss: dominant gametophyte; fern: dominant sporophyte with independent prothallus; Pinus: dominant sporophyte with reduced gametophytes; Ulothrix: mainly haploid thallus.[file:1]

Q69. Match reproductive propagule with group: A. Zoospore B. Gemma C. Non-motile spore in red algae D. Microspore 1. Algae (asexual) 2. Liverwort (asexual) 3. Rhodophyceae (asexual) 4. Gymnosperm (male gametophyte precursor)

Explanation: Zoospores in algae; gemmae in liverworts; red algae form non-motile spores; microspores act as precursors of male gametophyte in gymnosperms.[file:1]

Q70. Match classification approach with basis: A. Artificial system B. Natural system C. Phylogenetic system D. Numerical taxonomy 1. Few gross morphological features 2. Natural affinities using many features 3. Evolutionary relationships based on common ancestry 4. Computer-based processing of numerous characters

Explanation: Artificial: few traits; natural: natural affinities; phylogenetic: evolutionary; numerical: computer-based, many coded characters.[file:1]

Q71. Match group with type of water requirement: A. Algae B. Bryophytes C. Pteridophytes D. Gymnosperms 1. Entire life cycle in/near water 2. Water required mainly for fertilisation 3. Water needed for gametophyte and fertilisation; sporophyte terrestrial 4. Pollen tube usually carries gametes without external water

Explanation: Algae need aquatic environment; bryophytes mostly terrestrial but need water for fertilisation; pteridophytes similar but with vascular sporophyte; gymnosperms use pollen tube for fertilisation.[file:1]

Q72. Match plant group with typical example given in chapter figures: A. Liverwort B. Moss C. Pteridophyte D. Gymnosperm 1. Marchantia 2. Funaria 3. Salvinia 4. Cycas

Explanation: Marchantia (liverwort), Funaria (moss), Salvinia (pteridophyte), Cycas (gymnosperm) are illustrated in the chapter.[file:1]

Q73. Match life-cycle structure with ploidy: A. Protonema of moss B. Capsule of moss sporophyte C. Prothallus of fern D. Pollen grain of gymnosperm 1. Haploid 2. Diploid

Explanation: Protonema, prothallus and pollen grain are haploid; capsule is part of diploid sporophyte.[file:1]

Q74. Match sporophyll arrangement with group: A. Sporophylls forming cones (strobili) B. Sporophylls in sori on leaves C. Male and female cones on same tree D. Spores in simple sporangia on thallus 1. Selaginella / Equisetum 2. Ferns 3. Pinus 4. Ulothrix

Explanation: Selaginella/Equisetum: strobili; ferns: sori on leaves; Pinus: male and female cones; Ulothrix: simple sporangia.[file:1]

Q75. Match group with typical reserve/feature: A. Chlorophyceae B. Phaeophyceae C. Rhodophyceae D. Gymnosperms 1. Pyrenoids with protein and starch 2. Laminarin and mannitol 3. Floridean starch 4. Naked ovules and seeds

Explanation: Green algae: pyrenoids; brown algae: laminarin/mannitol; red algae: floridean starch; gymnosperms: naked seeds.[file:1]

Q76. Regarding Chlorophyceae, which statements are correct? 1. Plant body may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. 2. Cell wall has inner layer of cellulose and outer of pectose. 3. Chloroplasts may be discoid, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped.

Explanation: All three described features are given for Chlorophyceae in the chapter.[file:1]

Q77. In brown algae, which statements are correct? 1. Vegetative cells have cellulose wall with outer gelatinous algin. 2. Asexual reproduction occurs by biflagellate pear-shaped zoospores. 3. Gametes are non-flagellate and non-motile.

Explanation: Brown algal vegetative cells have algin, and asexual zoospores are biflagellate; sexual gametes are flagellate and motile, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q78. In red algae, which statements are correct? 1. Majority are marine, often in warmer waters. 2. Sexual reproduction involves non-motile gametes and complex post-fertilisation development. 3. Food is stored as laminarin.

Explanation: Red algae are mostly marine and store floridean starch, not laminarin, so (1) and (2) are correct but (3) is false.[file:1]

Q79. Considering algae in general, which statements are correct? 1. They fix a large fraction of global carbon dioxide. 2. They serve as primary producers in aquatic food chains. 3. None of them are useful as human food.

Explanation: Algae fix much CO₂ and are primary producers; many (Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum) are edible, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q80. Bryophytes – which statements are correct? 1. They lack true roots, stems and leaves. 2. Plant body is thalloid, prostrate or erect attached by rhizoids. 3. Sporophyte is the dominant independent generation.

Explanation: Bryophytes have thalloid/leafy gametophytes with rhizoids and lack true roots, stems and leaves; gametophyte, not sporophyte, is dominant.[file:1]

Q81. In liverworts, which statements are correct? 1. Plant body is usually thalloid and dorsiventral. 2. Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation and gemmae. 3. Gemmae germinate to give sporophyte directly.

Explanation: Gemmae germinate into new gametophytes, not sporophytes, so (1) and (2) are correct but (3) is false.[file:1]

Q82. In moss life cycle, which statements are correct? 1. Protonema arises from spore. 2. Leafy stage arises from protonema as lateral bud. 3. Rhizoids are unicellular.

Explanation: Moss protonema develops from spore; leafy stage from protonema; rhizoids in mosses are multicellular and branched, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q83. Pteridophytes – which statements are correct? 1. Sporophyte is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. 2. Water is required for transfer of antherozoids to archegonium. 3. Roots lack vascular tissue.

Explanation: Pteridophyte sporophyte has vascular roots, stems and leaves; water is needed for fertilisation; roots do have vascular tissue, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q84. Gametophyte of pteridophytes (prothallus) – which statements are correct? 1. It is generally small, multicellular and photosynthetic. 2. It requires cool, damp, shady places. 3. It bears flowers and fruits.

Explanation: Prothallus is a small photosynthetic gametophyte requiring moist shade; it bears sex organs, not flowers or fruits.[file:1]

Q85. Heterospory – which statements are correct? 1. Involves production of two sizes of spores. 2. Is shown by Selaginella and Salvinia. 3. Has no evolutionary relation with seed habit.

Explanation: Heterospory (micro and megaspores) is important in evolution of seed habit, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q86. Gymnosperms – which statements are correct? 1. Have ovules not enclosed by ovary wall. 2. Produce naked seeds after fertilisation. 3. Always have male and female cones on different trees.

Explanation: Gymnosperms have naked ovules and seeds; in some (Pinus) male and female cones are on same plant, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q87. In gymnosperms, which reproduction statements are correct? 1. Microsporangiate cones bear microsporophylls and microsporangia. 2. Megasporophylls with ovules form female cones. 3. Pollen tube carries male gametes to archegonia.

Explanation: All three features are described for gymnosperm reproduction in the chapter.[file:1]

Q88. About gymnosperm gametophytes, which statements are correct? 1. Male gametophyte is reduced and confined within pollen grain. 2. Female gametophyte develops within megasporangium from megaspore. 3. Both gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic.

Explanation: Male and female gametophytes remain within sporangia on sporophyte, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q89. Angiosperms – which statements are correct? 1. Produce pollen grains and ovules in flowers. 2. Enclose seeds within fruits. 3. Do not produce any economically important products.

Explanation: Angiosperms are highly important economically, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q90. Regarding economic importance mentioned in the chapter, which are correct? 1. Sphagnum provides peat and packing material. 2. Many red and brown algae serve as human food. 3. Gymnosperms include the tallest trees such as Sequoia.

Explanation: All three statements are explicitly stated for Sphagnum, marine algae and Sequoia.[file:1]

Q91. About classification systems, which are correct? 1. Artificial systems give equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characters. 2. Natural systems consider internal and external features. 3. Phylogenetic systems assume taxa share a common ancestor.

Explanation: All three are mentioned in context of artificial, natural and phylogenetic systems.[file:1]

Q92. Numerical taxonomy – which statements are correct? 1. Uses codes for numerous characters. 2. Each character is given equal importance. 3. Uses only chromosome number as a character.

Explanation: Numerical taxonomy uses many coded characters with equal weight; chromosome number alone defines cytotaxonomy, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q93. Bryophytes in ecology – which statements are correct? 1. Often act as pioneer plants with lichens in succession. 2. Help in soil formation by rock decomposition. 3. Increase soil erosion by loosening soil.

Explanation: Bryophytes reduce impact of rain and prevent soil erosion, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q94. Moss sporophyte – which statements are correct? 1. Comprises foot, seta and capsule. 2. Is more elaborate than liverwort sporophyte. 3. Capsule contains spores formed after meiosis.

Explanation: All three are stated: more elaborate sporophyte with capsule producing meiotic spores.[file:1]

Q95. Algal reproduction – which statements are correct? 1. Vegetative reproduction occurs by fragmentation. 2. Asexual reproduction commonly occurs via zoospores. 3. Sexual reproduction is exclusively oogamous.

Explanation: Algae can show isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy, so sexual reproduction is not exclusively oogamous.[file:1]

Q96. Red algae distribution – which statements are correct? 1. Many species occur in warm marine waters. 2. They can inhabit both well-lit shallow regions and deep waters. 3. All are strictly freshwater.

Explanation: Majority of red algae are marine and some occur at depth; not all are freshwater, so (3) is false.[file:1]

Q97. Features of conifer leaves – which statements are correct? 1. Needle-like leaves reduce surface area. 2. Thick cuticle reduces water loss. 3. Sunken stomata increase transpiration.

Explanation: Sunken stomata also reduce transpiration; (1) and (2) are correct, (3) is false.[file:1]

Q98. In pteridophytes, sporangia – which statements are correct? 1. Are borne on sporophylls. 2. May be aggregated in strobili or cones in some genera. 3. Produce spores by mitosis in spore mother cells.

Explanation: Spores are produced by meiosis, not mitosis, in spore mother cells; so (1) and (2) are correct.[file:1]

Q99. General features of algae – which statements are correct? 1. True algae are largely autotrophic eukaryotes. 2. They occur in fresh water, brackish water and marine habitats. 3. They are restricted only to moist soil, never aquatic.

Explanation: Algae are mainly aquatic; statement (3) contradicts the chapter and is false.[file:1]

Q100. Features of angiosperms mentioned in the chapter – which are correct? 1. Range from Wolffia to Eucalyptus in size. 2. Provide food, fodder, fuel and medicines. 3. Possess naked seeds not enclosed in fruits.

Explanation: Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruits; naked seeds are characteristic of gymnosperms.[file:1]