Q1. Which statements about 'Amphibolic Pathway' are correct? (i) Respiration involves both breakdown and synthesis of molecules. (ii) Fatty acids enter as Acetyl CoA. (iii) Acetyl CoA can be withdrawn to synthesize fatty acids.
Correct Answer: (a)
Respiratory intermediates are shared between catabolism and anabolism.
Q2. Match the cofactor type with description:
Type
Description
A. Prosthetic groups
(I) Tightly bound to apoenzyme
B. Co-enzymes
(II) Transient association
C. Metal ions
(III) Form coordination bonds
Correct Answer: (a)
Section 9.8.6 context from unit intro.
Q3. Which of the following cannot be used as a respiratory substrate in plants?
Correct Answer: (d)
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and organic acids are mentioned as respiratory substrates.
Q4. How many molecules of pyruvic acid are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
Correct Answer: (b)
Glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Q5. Match the following for aerobic respiration events:
Event
Description
A. Step-wise removal of H atoms
(I) Leaves 3 molecules of CO2
B. Passing on of electrons
(II) To molecular O2
Correct Answer: (a)
As stated in section 12.4.
Q6. The first member of the TCA cycle is:
Correct Answer: (d)
Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is the first member and is replenished at the end of the cycle.
Q7. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The definition of RQ is the volume of CO2 evolved over volume of O2 consumed.
Q8. The Electron Transport System (ETS) is located in the:
Correct Answer: (b)
ETS is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Q9. Regarding 'TCA Cycle', which are correct? (i) It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. (ii) Citric acid is the first product. (iii) GTP is synthesized in the cycle.
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard features of the Krebs cycle.
Q10. The energy released during fermentation is ______ of the energy in glucose.
Correct Answer: (a)
In fermentation, less than seven per cent of the energy in glucose is released.
Q11. The first process of aerobic respiration (oxidation of pyruvate) takes place in the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The removal of all hydrogen atoms and CO2 release takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Q12. How many points in one TCA cycle result in the reduction of NAD+ to NADH + H+?
Correct Answer: (c)
There are three points in the cycle where NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
Q13. Assertion: Cyanobacteria can prepare their own food.
Reason: They trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy.
Correct Answer: (a)
Photosynthesis allows them to be autotrophic.
Q14. Assertion: ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell.
Reason: Energy released by oxidation in respiration is trapped as chemical energy in the form of ATP.
Correct Answer: (a)
ATP stores the energy released from substrates to be used for life processes.
Q15. Respiratory pathway is better called an amphibolic pathway because it involves:
Correct Answer: (c)
It involves both the breakdown and synthesis of substrates.
Q16. Match the fermentation type with its product:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Yeast
(I) Lactic acid
B. Muscle cells
(II) Ethanol + CO2
Correct Answer: (a)
Distinction between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.
Q17. The RQ value for tripalmitin (a fat) is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Calculation for tripalmitin shows an RQ of 0.7.
Q18. Identify the correct statements for 'Fermentation': (i) Net gain is only two molecules of ATP per glucose. (ii) NADH is reoxidised to NAD+ in the process. (iii) Complete oxidation of glucose occurs.
Correct Answer: (a)
Fermentation is incomplete oxidation.
Q19. Which statements about 'Yeasts' are correct? (i) Perform alcoholic fermentation. (ii) Die at 13% alcohol concentration. (iii) Are facultative anaerobes.
Correct Answer: (a)
Yeast behavior under anaerobic conditions.
Q20. Match the following regarding CO2 released in TCA:
Reactant to Product
CO2 released?
A. Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
(I) Yes
B. Oxalosuccinate to alpha-KG
(II) Yes
C. alpha-KG to Succinyl CoA
(III) Yes
Correct Answer: (a)
These are the decarboxylation steps.
Q21. Identify the correct steps in 'Citric Acid Cycle': (i) Condensation of Acetyl CoA with OAA. (ii) Isomerisation of Citrate to Isocitrate. (iii) Decarboxylation to form alpha-Ketoglutaric acid.
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard sequence of the TCA cycle.
Q22. In our skeletal muscles during exercise, pyruvic acid is reduced to ______ when oxygen is inadequate.
Correct Answer: (b)
Lactic acid is formed by lactate dehydrogenase in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions.
Q23. Correct statements about 'Proton Gradient': (i) Created across the thylakoid/mitochondrial membrane. (ii) Protons move down the gradient into the matrix to make ATP. (iii) 4H+ pass for each ATP produced.
Correct Answer: (a)
Mechanism explained in Fig 12.5.
Q24. Which statements regarding 'ATP synthesis' are true? (i) It is linked to the development of a proton gradient across a membrane. (ii) Protons accumulate in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. (iii) Energy comes from the movement of protons through the F0 channel.
Correct Answer: (c)
The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains this for both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Q25. Match the scientist with the year/contribution:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Priestley
(I) 1774 (Oxygen discovery)
B. Blackman
(II) 1905 (Limiting factors)
C. Melvin Calvin
(III) 1961 (Nobel Prize)
Correct Answer: (a)
Historical dates from the unit.
Q26. The F1 headpiece of ATP synthase is a ______ protein complex.
Correct Answer: (b)
F1 is a peripheral membrane protein complex.
Q27. Assertion: Interkinesis lacks DNA replication.
Reason: Interkinesis is the stage between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Correct Answer: (b)
While both are true, the fact it is 'between' divisions doesn't explain the lack of replication (S-phase occurs only once).
Q28. Regarding 'Oxidative Phosphorylation': (i) Uses energy of oxidation-reduction. (ii) Differs from photophosphorylation (which uses light). (iii) Occurs at Complex V.
Correct Answer: (a)
Oxidative phosphorylation is energy-dependent on electron flow.
Q29. Correct statements about 'Glycerol' in respiration: (i) It is a simple lipid. (ii) It enters the pathway after being converted to PGAL. (iii) It is trihydroxy propane.
Correct Answer: (a)
Glycerol is a simple lipid that enters glycolysis as PGAL.
Q30. The breaking of C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within cells to release energy is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The text defines respiration as the breaking of C-C bonds through oxidation leading to energy release.
Q31. Assertion: Fermentation is hazardous.
Reason: Either acid or alcohol is produced.
Correct Answer: (a)
The end products like ethanol can be toxic to the organisms (e.g., yeast death at 13%).
Q32. The enzyme that converts sucrose into glucose and fructose is:
Correct Answer: (b)
Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme invertase.
Q33. Regarding 'Invertase': (i) It is a digestive enzyme in animals. (ii) It converts sucrose to glucose and fructose in plants. (iii) It is used in glycolysis directly.
Correct Answer: (a)
Invertase is a plant enzyme enabling sucrose metabolism.
Q34. Glycolysis occurs in the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The text states that glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Q35. Identify the correct features of 'Mitochondrial Matrix': (i) Contains enzymes of Krebs cycle. (ii) Site of CO2 release. (iii) Contains single circular DNA and 70S ribosomes.
Correct Answer: (a)
Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes in the matrix.
Correct Answer: (a)
Based on the interrelationship diagram.
Q37. The energy currency of the cell is:
Correct Answer: (c)
ATP is referred to as the energy currency of the cell in section 12.0.
Q38. Assertion: RQ for fats is less than 1.
Reason: Fats require more oxygen for oxidation compared to carbohydrates.
Correct Answer: (a)
The high O2 demand for fats results in a lower CO2/O2 ratio.
Q39. Correct features of 'Lenticels': (i) Present in bark of stems. (ii) Allow gas exchange. (iii) Help in transpiration too (though not emphasized here).
Correct Answer: (a)
Lenticels are physical pores in woody stems.
Q40. Assertion: Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the TCA cycle.
Reason: GTP is synthesized during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid.
Correct Answer: (a)
Formation of GTP/ATP directly from a substrate step is substrate-level phosphorylation.
Q41. Assertion: Plant cells use a step-wise strategy for glucose catabolism.
Reason: This ensures that not all liberated energy goes out as heat.
Correct Answer: (a)
Small steps allow the coupling of energy release to ATP synthesis.
Q42. The scheme of glycolysis was given by:
Correct Answer: (b)
Glycolysis is often called the EMP pathway after Embden, Meyerhof, and Parnas.
Q43. Match the following for Tripalmitin RQ:
Variable
Value
A. CO2 evolved
(I) 102
B. O2 consumed
(II) 145
C. Ratio
(III) 0.7
Correct Answer: (a)
Calculations shown on page 164.
Q44. In the ETS, Complex IV refers to:
Correct Answer: (c)
Complex IV is the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Q45. Assertion: The respiratory pathway is considered amphibolic.
Reason: It involves only catabolic processes like the breakdown of glucose.
Correct Answer: (b)
It is amphibolic because it involves both catabolism and anabolism.
Q46. Assertion: F0 of ATP synthase forms a transmembrane channel.
Reason: It allows the facilitated diffusion of protons across the inner membrane.
Correct Answer: (a)
F0 provides the path for protons to move down the gradient.
Q47. Assertion: In fermentation, less than 7% of energy is trapped as ATP.
Reason: Fermentation is a process of complete oxidation.
Correct Answer: (a)
Fermentation is incomplete oxidation.
Q48. Match the steps in glycolysis with enzyme action:
Column-I
Column-II
A. ATP utilized
(I) Glucose to G6P
B. ATP utilized
(II) F6P to F-1,6-bisphosphate
C. ATP synthesized
(III) BPGA to PGA
D. ATP synthesized
(IV) PEP to Pyruvic acid
Correct Answer: (a)
Energy ledger of glycolysis.
Q49. The net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose is assumed to be:
Correct Answer: (c)
The respiratory balance sheet shows a net gain of 38 ATP molecules.
Q50. Assertion: Oxygen is vital for aerobic respiration.
Reason: Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor and removes hydrogen from the system.
Correct Answer: (a)
Oxygen's role is to drive the ETS by removing electrons/protons at the end.
Q51. Assertion: The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the ETS.
Reason: The mitochondrial matrix is the site for glycolysis.
Correct Answer: (a)
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, not the matrix.
Q52. Regarding 'Respiratory Substrates': (i) Usually carbohydrates are oxidized. (ii) Proteins are used only under starvation. (iii) Pure fats are the most common substrate.
Correct Answer: (a)
Carbohydrates are the primary and most common substrates.
Q53. Regarding 'ETS', which are correct? (i) Complex IV contains cytochromes a and a3. (ii) Cytochrome c is a mobile carrier. (iii) It is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Correct Answer: (a)
ETS is in the inner membrane.
Q54. The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with ______ and water.
Correct Answer: (b)
Acetyl group condenses with OAA and water to yield citric acid.
Q55. Which are correct for 'Substrate Level Phosphorylation'? (i) Occurs in glycolysis. (ii) Occurs in Krebs cycle. (iii) Uses proton gradient and ATP synthase.
Correct Answer: (a)
Substrate level does not use the proton gradient; that is oxidative phosphorylation.
Q56. Regarding 'Cellular Respiration', which statements are correct? (i) It is the mechanism of breakdown of food materials within the cell. (ii) It traps energy for the synthesis of ATP. (iii) Breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Correct Answer: (c)
Standard definition of cellular respiration given in the text.
Q57. The first step of glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by:
Correct Answer: (b)
Glucose is phosphorylated by the activity of the enzyme hexokinase.
Q58. Which of the following phylum is being described by the given statements? (i) They are heterotrophic. (ii) They obtain food from plants directly or indirectly. (iii) They depend on the oxygen released by plants.
Correct Answer: (c)
Section 12.0 describes animals as heterotrophic organisms dependent on plants.
Q59. Match the following enzymes with their reactions:
Column-I (Enzyme)
Column-II (Reaction)
A. Hexokinase
(I) Glucose to G6P
B. Invertase
(II) Sucrose to Glucose/Fructose
C. Pyruvic dehydrogenase
(III) Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
D. Citrate synthase
(IV) Acetyl CoA + OAA to Citric Acid
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard enzymes from the text.
Q60. Match the substrate with its RQ value:
Column-I (Substrate)
Column-II (RQ)
A. Carbohydrates
(I) 0.7
B. Proteins
(II) 1.0
C. Fats (Tripalmitin)
(III) 0.9
Correct Answer: (a)
RQ values from section 12.7.
Q61. Assertion: Lenticels are used for gaseous exchange in stems.
Reason: Living cells in woody stems are organized in thin layers beneath the bark.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true, but the cell organization is not the 'reason' for the existence of lenticels (openings).
Q62. In glycolysis, ATP is utilized in how many steps?
Correct Answer: (b)
ATP is used in two steps: conversion of glucose to G6P and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Q63. Which of the following is correct regarding 'Plant Respiration'? (i) Plants have no specialized organs for exchange. (ii) Each plant part takes care of its own needs. (iii) Gaseous transport between parts is very high.
Correct Answer: (a)
There is very little transport of gases between plant parts.
Q64. Conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl CoA.
Q65. Match the molecules with their roles in ETS:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Cytochrome c
(I) Mobile carrier between Complex III and IV
B. Ubiquinone
(II) Located within inner membrane
C. Oxygen
(III) Final hydrogen acceptor
Correct Answer: (a)
Functional roles in the electron transport chain.
Q66. The process of incomplete oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
Fermentation is the incomplete oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions by yeast or bacteria.
Q67. During glycolysis, NADH + H+ is formed when PGAL is converted to:
Correct Answer: (b)
NADH is formed when 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPGA).
Q68. Regarding 'NADH oxidation', which statements are true? (i) One NADH yields 3 ATP. (ii) Occurs at Complex I of ETS. (iii) Requires Oxygen as the terminal acceptor.
Correct Answer: (a)
NADH provides electrons to Complex I, leading to 3 ATP synthesis.
Q69. Match the following for Glycolysis products:
Product
Amount per Glucose
A. Pyruvic acid
(I) 2 molecules
B. NADH + H+
(II) 2 molecules
C. Net ATP gain
(III) 2 molecules
Correct Answer: (a)
Net products of the glycolytic pathway.
Q70. Match the intermediate and pathway entry point:
Molecule
Entry point
A. Fatty acids
(I) Acetyl CoA
B. Glycerol
(II) PGAL
C. Amino acids
(III) Pyruvate/Acetyl CoA/Krebs
Correct Answer: (a)
Section 12.6 and Fig 12.6.
Q71. Oxidation of one molecule of FADH2 produces ______ molecules of ATP.
Correct Answer: (b)
Oxidation of one FADH2 gives 2 ATP molecules.
Q72. Which are correct for 'Anaerobic Respiration'? (i) Only 2 ATP net gain. (ii) Ethanol and CO2 or Lactic acid are products. (iii) Occurs in cytoplasm only.
Correct Answer: (a)
Anaerobic steps do not involve mitochondria.
Q73. Assertion: The TCA cycle is also called the Citric Acid Cycle.
Reason: The first stable product of the cycle is Citric acid.
Correct Answer: (a)
Citric acid is formed in the first step, giving the cycle its name.
Q74. Match the number of carbons in TCA intermediates:
Column-I (Acid)
Column-II (Carbon Count)
A. Citric acid
(I) 4C
B. alpha-Ketoglutaric acid
(II) 5C
C. Succinic acid
(III) 6C
D. OAA
(IV) 4C
Correct Answer: (a)
Carbon counting in Krebs cycle steps.
Q75. Identify correct statements for 'Cytochrome c': (i) It is a small protein. (ii) Attached to outer surface of inner membrane. (iii) Transfers electrons from Complex III to IV.
Correct Answer: (a)
As stated in section 12.4.2.
Q76. Assertion: NADH is oxidized to NAD+ slowly in fermentation.
Reason: Aerobic respiration is very vigorous compared to fermentation.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true observations comparing anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
Q77. Match the following ETS complexes:
Column-I (Complex)
Column-II (Name)
A. Complex I
(I) Cytochrome bc1 complex
B. Complex III
(II) NADH dehydrogenase
C. Complex IV
(III) ATP synthase
D. Complex V
(IV) Cytochrome c oxidase
Correct Answer: (a)
Complex naming as per section 12.4.2.
Q78. Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches about:
Correct Answer: (c)
Yeasts die when alcohol concentration reaches about 13 per cent.
Q79. In plants, gaseous exchange occurs through:
Correct Answer: (c)
Plants use stomata and lenticels for gaseous exchange as they lack specialized respiratory organs.
Q80. Assertion: Pure proteins are never used as respiratory substrates.
Reason: Respiratory substrates are often more than one in living organisms.
Correct Answer: (a)
While both are true, the presence of multiple substrates is not the chemical reason why pure proteins are avoided.
Q81. Which of the following is correct? (i) Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in 1961. (ii) He used radioactive 14C. (iii) He mapped the pathway of carbon assimilation.
Correct Answer: (a)
Introductory section about Melvin Calvin.
Q82. Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to ______ molecules of ATP.
Correct Answer: (c)
Oxidation of one NADH gives 3 ATP molecules.
Q83. Match the metabolic intermediate with its precursor/product:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Fats
(I) Amino acids
B. Proteins
(II) Glycerol and fatty acids
C. Fatty acids entry point
(III) Acetyl CoA
D. Glycerol entry point
(IV) PGAL
Correct Answer: (a)
Amphibolic pathway entry points from section 12.6 and Fig 12.6.
Q84. Match the respiratory processes with their locations:
Column-I (Process)
Column-II (Location)
A. Glycolysis
(I) Inner mitochondrial membrane
B. TCA Cycle
(II) Cytoplasm
C. ETS
(III) Mitochondrial matrix
Correct Answer: (a)
Glycolysis in cytoplasm, TCA in matrix, ETS in inner membrane.
Q85. Assertion: Roots, stems and leaves respire at rates far lower than animals do.
Reason: Plants have no specialized organs for gaseous exchange.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true, but low metabolic demand is a reason why they can survive without organs, not the other way around.
Q86. Match the following for ATP Synthase:
Column-I
Column-II
A. F0
(I) Transmembrane channel
B. F1
(II) Peripheral membrane protein
C. F1
(III) Site of ATP synthesis
Correct Answer: (a)
Structure of ATP synthase.
Q87. Identify the correct statements for 'Glycolysis': (i) It involves partial oxidation of glucose. (ii) It results in two molecules of pyruvic acid. (iii) It occurs in all living organisms.
Correct Answer: (c)
Glycolysis is a universal pathway occurring in the cytoplasm of all cells.
Q88. Match the following for 38 ATP calculation:
Assumption
Truth in living system
A. Sequential pathway
(I) Not really valid
B. No intermediates used
(II) Not really valid
Correct Answer: (a)
Living systems are integrated, not strictly sequential.
Q89. FADH2 is produced during the conversion of:
Correct Answer: (b)
FADH2 is reduced at the step where succinate is oxidized to malate (via fumarate, though text simplifies it).
Q90. Assertion: Mitochondria are called 'Power Houses' of the cell.
Reason: They are the sites of ATP production in eukaryotic cells.
Correct Answer: (a)
The production of ATP through aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria.
Q91. Match the terms with definitions:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Obligate anaerobes
(I) Requirement for anaerobic condition is strict
B. Facultative anaerobes
(II) Can adapt to anaerobic conditions
Correct Answer: (a)
Text mentions these organism types on page 155.
Q92. Assertion: Glycolysis is the only process in respiration for anaerobic organisms.
Reason: It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
Correct Answer: (a)
Glycolysis is oxygen-independent, making it suitable for anaerobes.
Q93. Assertion: In plants, glucose is often derived from sucrose.
Reason: Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis.
Correct Answer: (a)
Sucrose is translocated from leaves to non-green parts for respiration.
Q94. For aerobic respiration, pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm into the:
Correct Answer: (b)
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria for the complete oxidation of organic substances.
Q95. Select the correct statements about 'RQ': (i) It depends on the type of respiratory substrate. (ii) RQ for glucose is 1.0. (iii) RQ for proteins is about 0.9.
Correct Answer: (a)
RQ values are specific to the chemistry of the substrate.
Q96.
Correct Answer: (b)
These two enzymes catalyze alcoholic fermentation in yeast.
Q97. Match the cycle/pathway with synonyms:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Glycolysis
(I) EMP Pathway
B. Citric Acid Cycle
(II) TCA Cycle
C. Citric Acid Cycle
(III) Krebs Cycle
Correct Answer: (a)
Nomenclature of pathways.
Q98. The RQ value for carbohydrates is:
Correct Answer: (c)
For carbohydrates, equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are exchanged, so RQ = 1.
Q99. The final hydrogen acceptor in aerobic respiration is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor and gets reduced to water.
Q100. In plants, glucose for glycolysis is derived from storage carbohydrates or from:
Correct Answer: (b)
Glucose is derived from sucrose (end product of photosynthesis) or storage carbohydrates.
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