Q8. Assertion: Brown algae vary in colour from olive green to brown.
Reason: Variation in amount of fucoxanthin determines their colour.
Correct Answer: (a)
Fucoxanthin content causes the range of colours in Phaeophyceae from olive to brown.
Q9. Match the life cycle dominance with the representative plant:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Dominant gametophyte, dependent sporophyte
1. Moss
B. Dominant sporophyte, independent gametophyte
2. Fern
C. Dominant sporophyte, reduced gametophyte retained
3. Pinus
D. Predominantly thalloid haploid stage only
4. Ulothrix
Correct Answer: (a)
Progression of life cycle dominance from Algae to Gymnosperms.
Q10. Assertion: Pteridophytes are the first vascular land plants.
Reason: They possess xylem and phloem in true roots, stems and leaves.
Correct Answer: (a)
Pteridophytes are first to show well-developed vascular tissues in true organs, explaining their status as first vascular land plants.
Q11. Match the sporophyll arrangement with the group:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Strobili (cones)
1. Selaginella / Equisetum
B. Sori on leaves
2. Ferns
C. Monoecious cones
3. Pinus
D. Spores in simple sporangia
4. Ulothrix
Correct Answer: (a)
Arrangement of spore-bearing leaves across different groups.
Q12. Bryophytes in ecology – which statements are correct? (i) Often act as pioneer plants with lichens in succession. (ii) Help in soil formation by rock decomposition. (iii) Increase soil erosion by loosening soil.
Correct Answer: (a)
Bryophytes form dense mats on soil and reduce the impact of falling rain, thus preventing soil erosion.
Q13. Match the habitat/habit with the plant group:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Largely aquatic thalloid autotrophs
1. Algae
B. Moist shady terrestrial plants without true roots
2. Bryophytes
C. Cool damp terrestrial plants with vascular tissues
3. Pteridophytes
D. Seed plants with flowers
4. Angiosperms
Correct Answer: (a)
Key ecological/morphological features defining each major group.
Q14. Match the plant groups with economic products:
Column-I (Plant)
Column-II (Product)
A. Sphagnum
1. Peat, packing material
B. Brown algae
2. Algin
C. Red algae
3. Agar, carrageenan
D. Chlorella
4. Protein-rich food supplement
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard economic uses of these plants mentioned in the chapter.
Q15. Match the taxa with their reproductive structures:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Bryophytes
1. Flowers
B. Pteridophytes
2. Archegonia and antheridia on prothallus
C. Gymnosperms
3. Archegonia on gametophyte with biflagellate antherozoids
D. Angiosperms
4. Archegonia in ovules; pollen grains as male gametophyte
Q16. Assertion: Artificial systems of classification may separate closely related species.
Reason: Artificial systems often rely on few superficial morphological characters.
Correct Answer: (a)
Artificial systems use few superficial traits, so closely related species can be placed apart; the reason explains the assertion.
Q17. Protonema stage occurs in the life cycle of:
Correct Answer: (b)
In mosses like Funaria, the first gametophytic stage is a creeping, filamentous protonema.
Q18. Needle-like leaves, thick cuticle and sunken stomata are typical of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Conifers show xeromorphic traits like needle leaves, thick cuticle and sunken stomata to reduce water loss.
Q19. Match the group with its water requirement status:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Algae
1. Entire life cycle in/near water
B. Bryophytes
2. Water required mainly for fertilisation
C. Pteridophytes
3. Water needed for gametophyte and fertilisation
D. Gymnosperms
4. Pollen tube carries gametes (external water not needed)
Correct Answer: (a)
Adaptation to land progressively reduces dependency on liquid water for reproduction.
Q20. In moss life cycle, which statements are correct? (i) Protonema arises from spore. (ii) Leafy stage arises from protonema as lateral bud. (iii) Rhizoids are unicellular.
Correct Answer: (a)
The leafy stage is attached to the soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids.
Q21. In red algae, which statements are correct? (i) Majority are marine, often in warmer waters. (ii) Sexual reproduction involves non-motile gametes and complex post-fertilisation development. (iii) Food is stored as laminarin.
Correct Answer: (a)
Red algae store food as floridean starch, not laminarin.
Q22. Considering algae in general, which statements are correct? (i) They fix a large fraction of global carbon dioxide. (ii) They serve as primary producers in aquatic food chains. (iii) None of them are useful as human food.
Correct Answer: (a)
Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum are among the 70 species of marine algae used as food.
Q23. Match the classification approach with its basis:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Artificial system
1. Few gross morphological features
B. Natural system
2. Natural affinities using many features
C. Phylogenetic system
3. Evolutionary relationships
D. Numerical taxonomy
4. Computer-based coding of characters
Correct Answer: (a)
Brief definitions of different taxonomic approaches.
Q24. In gymnosperms, which reproduction statements are correct? (i) Microsporangiate cones bear microsporophylls and microsporangia. (ii) Megasporophylls with ovules form female cones. (iii) Pollen tube carries male gametes to archegonia.
Correct Answer: (d)
All three features are correct for gymnosperm sexual reproduction.
Q25. Half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is attributed largely to:
Correct Answer: (c)
Algae perform massive photosynthesis in oceans and freshwater, accounting for roughly half of global CO₂ fixation.
Q26. Assertion: Cyanobacteria are no longer placed under algae in the plant kingdom.
Reason: Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms belonging to Monera.
Correct Answer: (a)
Cyanobacteria are excluded from Plantae because they are prokaryotic Monerans, so the reason correctly explains the assertion.
Q27. The heart-shaped thalloid gametophyte of ferns is known as:
Correct Answer: (b)
The fern gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped thallus called prothallus.
Q28. Algin is commercially obtained from:
Correct Answer: (b)
Algin is a hydrocolloid obtained mainly from brown algae such as Laminaria and Sargassum.
Q29. Match the organisms with their respective groups:
Q30. Chlorella is especially significant because it:
Correct Answer: (b)
Chlorella is a unicellular, protein-rich green alga used as a food supplement, including for space travellers.
Q31. Assertion: Spread of living pteridophytes is restricted geographically.
Reason: Their gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places and water for fertilisation.
Correct Answer: (a)
Because gametophytes are small and need moist conditions and water for sperm transfer, pteridophytes are confined to such habitats.
Q32. Gametophyte of pteridophytes (prothallus) – which statements are correct? (i) It is generally small, multicellular and photosynthetic. (ii) It requires cool, damp, shady places. (iii) It bears flowers and fruits.
Correct Answer: (a)
Pteridophytes are cryptogams and do not produce flowers or fruits.
Q33. The dominant pigments of Chlorophyceae are:
Correct Answer: (c)
Chlorophyceae are green due to chlorophyll a and b.
Q34. Match the groups with their dominant generation:
Column-I (Group)
Column-II (Dominance)
A. Algae
1. Dominant gametophyte; sporophyte dependent
B. Bryophytes
2. Dominant sporophyte; gametophyte reduced
C. Pteridophytes
3. Thalloid haploid body predominates
D. Gymnosperms
4. Highly reduced gametophyte retained on sporophyte
Q35. Assertion: In bryophytes, gametophyte is haploid while sporophyte is diploid.
Reason: The sporophyte arises from zygote formed after fusion of haploid gametes.
Correct Answer: (a)
Fusion of haploid gametes forms a diploid zygote that develops into the diploid sporophyte.
Q36. Assertion: Natural classification systems emphasise overall affinities among organisms.
Reason: These systems consider external morphology, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry.
Correct Answer: (a)
Natural systems use many internal and external features, giving a better idea of natural affinities.
Q37. Regarding economic importance, which are correct? (i) Sphagnum provides peat and packing material. (ii) Many red and brown algae serve as human food. (iii) Gymnosperms include the tallest trees such as Sequoia.
Correct Answer: (d)
These are all documented economic and biological highlights in the chapter.
Q38. Match the groups with typical reserves or features:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Chlorophyceae
1. Pyrenoids
B. Phaeophyceae
2. Laminarin and mannitol
C. Rhodophyceae
3. Floridean starch
D. Gymnosperms
4. Naked ovules and seeds
Correct Answer: (a)
Unique storage products or morphological traits of each plant group.
Q39. Match the gymnosperm feature with the respective genus:
Column-I (Feature)
Column-II (Genus)
A. Unbranched stem
1. Cycas
B. Branched stem; mycorrhiza
2. Pinus
C. Dwarf and long shoots
3. Ginkgo
D. Coralloid roots
4. Cycas
Correct Answer: (a)
Cycas has unbranched stems and coralloid roots; Pinus is branched with mycorrhiza; Ginkgo is a living fossil.
Q40. Floridean starch is the reserve food material of:
Correct Answer: (c)
Rhodophyceae store food as floridean starch, similar to amylopectin.
Q41. Regarding Chlorophyceae, which statements are correct? (i) Plant body may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. (ii) Cell wall has inner layer of cellulose and outer of pectose. (iii) Chloroplasts may be discoid, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped.
Correct Answer: (d)
All three described features are given for Chlorophyceae in the chapter.
Q42. Algal reproduction – which statements are correct? (i) Vegetative reproduction occurs by fragmentation. (ii) Asexual reproduction commonly occurs via zoospores. (iii) Sexual reproduction is exclusively oogamous.
Correct Answer: (a)
Algae show isogamy (Ulothrix), anisogamy (Eudorina), and oogamy (Volvox).
Q43. About gymnosperm gametophytes, which statements are correct? (i) Male gametophyte is reduced and confined within pollen grain. (ii) Female gametophyte develops within megasporangium from megaspore. (iii) Both gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic.
Correct Answer: (a)
Gymnosperm gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence.
Q44. Match the forms with their respective features:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Kelps
1. Unicellular alga, food supplement
B. Chlorella
2. Marine brown alga used as food
C. Laminaria
3. Massive marine plant bodies
D. Sargassum
4. Brown alga producing algin
Correct Answer: (a)
Kelps are massive; Chlorella is a unicellular supplement; Laminaria is food; Sargassum yields algin.
Q45. The chief storage product in Chlorophyceae is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Green algae store starch, commonly associated with pyrenoids in the chloroplasts.
Q46. Numerical taxonomy – which statements are correct? (i) Uses codes for numerous characters. (ii) Each character is given equal importance. (iii) Uses only chromosome number as a character.
Correct Answer: (a)
Using chromosome number/behaviour specifically defines Cytotaxonomy.
Q47. Gymnosperms – which statements are correct? (i) Have ovules not enclosed by ovary wall. (ii) Produce naked seeds after fertilisation. (iii) Always have male and female cones on different trees.
Correct Answer: (a)
In Pinus, the male and female cones are borne on the same tree (monoecious).
Q48. Numerical taxonomy primarily differs from earlier systems because it:
Correct Answer: (d)
In numerical taxonomy, numbers are assigned to many observable characters and processed by computers, giving each equal weight.
Q49. Match the plant groups with the specific examples from the chapter:
Column-I (Group)
Column-II (Example)
A. Liverwort
1. Marchantia
B. Moss
2. Funaria
C. Pteridophyte
3. Salvinia
D. Gymnosperm
4. Cycas
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard representatives taught in the NCERT syllabus.
Q50. Assertion: Algae significantly increase dissolved oxygen in water bodies.
Reason: Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophs performing photosynthesis in aquatic habitats.
Correct Answer: (a)
Photosynthesis by aquatic algae releases oxygen, raising dissolved O₂; thus the reason explains the assertion.
Q51. Assertion: Numerical taxonomy can handle hundreds of characters in classification.
Reason: In numerical taxonomy, characters are coded and processed using computers.
Correct Answer: (a)
Because numerical taxonomy codes many traits and analyses them by computers, it can incorporate hundreds of characters.
Q52. Assertion: Mosses and lichens are pioneer colonisers on bare rocks.
Reason: They help in rock decomposition and soil formation.
Correct Answer: (a)
Mosses with lichens initiate succession by breaking rocks and accumulating organic matter to form soil.
Q53. In gymnosperms, the male gametophyte is:
Correct Answer: (b)
In gymnosperms the reduced male gametophyte is the pollen grain, confined to a few cells within the microspore wall.
Q54. Assertion: Some gymnosperm roots form mycorrhiza.
Reason: In Pinus, roots show association with fungi forming mycorrhiza.
Correct Answer: (a)
Pinus roots commonly form mycorrhizal associations, exemplifying mycorrhiza in gymnosperms.
Q55. Assertion: Red algae can occur at great depths in oceans.
Reason: Their pigment phycoerythrin efficiently absorbs light available in deep water.
Correct Answer: (a)
Phycoerythrin allows red algae to utilise the light spectrum present in deeper waters, supporting depth distribution.
Q56. In liverworts, which statements are correct? (i) Plant body is usually thalloid and dorsiventral. (ii) Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation and gemmae. (iii) Gemmae germinate to give sporophyte directly.
Correct Answer: (a)
Gemmae germinate to form new gametophytes, not sporophytes.
Q57. In pteridophytes, sporangia – which statements are correct? (i) Are borne on sporophylls. (ii) May be aggregated in strobili or cones in some genera. (iii) Produce spores by mitosis in spore mother cells.
Correct Answer: (a)
Sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells.
Q58. Assertion: Heterospory in Selaginella is considered a precursor to seed habit.
Reason: Female gametophytes develop within megaspores retained on parent sporophyte where zygote and embryo develop.
Correct Answer: (a)
Retention of megaspore and female gametophyte on sporophyte, with embryo developing there, parallels seed habit.
Q59. Moss sporophyte – which statements are correct? (i) Comprises foot, seta and capsule. (ii) Is more elaborate than liverwort sporophyte. (iii) Capsule contains spores formed after meiosis.
Correct Answer: (d)
Mosses have specialized capsule structures for spore dispersal formed meiotically.
Q60. Regarding Bryophytes, which statements are correct? (i) They lack true roots, stems and leaves. (ii) Plant body is thalloid, prostrate or erect attached by rhizoids. (iii) Sporophyte is the dominant independent generation.
Correct Answer: (a)
The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid (gametophyte). The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.
Q61. Features of angiosperms – which are correct? (i) Range from Wolffia to Eucalyptus in size. (ii) Provide food, fodder, fuel and medicines. (iii) Possess naked seeds not enclosed in fruits.
Correct Answer: (a)
Seeds in angiosperms are enclosed by fruits; naked seeds are characteristic of gymnosperms.
Q62. Match the algae with the type of gamete fusion:
Column-I (Alga)
Column-II (Fusion Type)
A. Ulothrix
1. Isogamous
B. Spirogyra
2. Isogamous
C. Eudorina
3. Anisogamous
D. Volvox
4. Oogamous
Correct Answer: (a)
Ulothrix/Spirogyra are isogamous; Eudorina is anisogamous; Volvox is oogamous.
Q63. The smallest angiosperm mentioned in the chapter is:
Correct Answer: (a)
Angiosperms range from the tiny Wolffia to very tall Eucalyptus trees.
Q64. Assertion: Angiosperms have flowers as reproductive structures.
Reason: In angiosperms, pollen grains and ovules are produced in specialised structures called flowers.
Correct Answer: (a)
Flowers are defining reproductive organs of angiosperms, enclosing pollen and ovules.
Q65. Assertion: Moss sporophyte is more elaborate than liverwort sporophyte.
Reason: Moss sporophyte bears foot, seta and capsule and shows an elaborate spore dispersal mechanism.
Correct Answer: (a)
Moss sporophyte with capsule and dispersal structures is more complex than that of liverworts.
Q66. The dominant generation in bryophytes is the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The haploid gametophyte forms the main, long-lived plant body in bryophytes.
Q67. Assertion: Male and female gametophytes of gymnosperms are independent and free-living.
Reason: Both types of gametophytes remain within sporangia retained on sporophyte.
Correct Answer: (d)
Gymnosperm gametophytes are not free-living; they remain within sporangia on the sporophyte.
Q68. Red algae distribution – which statements are correct? (i) Many species occur in warm marine waters. (ii) They can inhabit both well-lit shallow regions and deep waters. (iii) All are strictly freshwater.
Correct Answer: (a)
The majority of red algae are marine.
Q69. Assertion: Algae show all three types of sexual reproduction: isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.
Reason: In Ulothrix, Eudorina and Volvox, these different types of gamete fusion are observed.
Correct Answer: (a)
Ulothrix shows isogamy, Eudorina anisogamy and Volvox oogamy, demonstrating all three types among algae.
Q70. Assertion: In moss, protonema develops directly from a spore.
Reason: Protonema is the first creeping, filamentous, green stage of moss gametophyte.
Correct Answer: (a)
Protonema arises from spore and represents the initial filamentous stage of moss gametophyte, so the reason explains it.
Q71. Food in brown algae is stored mainly as:
Correct Answer: (b)
Brown algae store food as complex carbohydrates, chiefly laminarin and mannitol.
Q72. Assertion: Kelp are examples of large marine plant bodies.
Reason: Kelp belong to Chlorophyceae that bear fucoxanthin pigment.
Correct Answer: (c)
Kelps are large marine brown algae (Phaeophyceae), not Chlorophyceae, so the assertion is true but the reason is false.
Q73. Match the reproductive propagule with its respective group:
Column-I (Propagule)
Column-II (Group)
A. Zoospore
1. Algae (asexual)
B. Gemma
2. Liverwort (asexual)
C. Non-motile spore
3. Rhodophyceae (asexual)
D. Microspore
4. Gymnosperm
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard reproductive units for these plant categories.
Q74. Chemotaxonomy is most useful when:
Correct Answer: (c)
Chemotaxonomy uses chemical constituents of plants to clarify taxonomic relationships when morphology alone is not decisive.
Q75. Heterospory – which statements are correct? (i) Involves production of two sizes of spores. (ii) Is shown by Selaginella and Salvinia. (iii) Has no evolutionary relation with seed habit.
Correct Answer: (a)
Heterospory is considered an important step in evolution as a precursor to the seed habit.
Q76. About classification systems, which are correct? (i) Artificial systems give equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characters. (ii) Natural systems consider internal and external features. (iii) Phylogenetic systems assume taxa share a common ancestor.
Correct Answer: (d)
All these definitions align with the taxonomic history explained in the introduction.
Q78. Angiosperms – which statements are correct? (i) Produce pollen grains and ovules in flowers. (ii) Enclose seeds within fruits. (iii) Do not produce any economically important products.
Correct Answer: (a)
Angiosperms provide food, fodder, fuel, medicines, and several other commercially important products.
Q79. Assertion: Dicots and monocots are the two major classes of angiosperms.
Reason: They differ chiefly in number of cotyledons in the embryo.
Correct Answer: (a)
Dicotyledons have two cotyledons while monocotyledons have one, forming the primary distinction between them.
Q80. Assertion: Liverwort thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate.
Reason: Liverworts usually grow in moist shady habitats like banks of streams and damp soil.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both statements are true, but habitat alone does not fully explain dorsiventral thallus organisation.
Q81. General features of algae – which statements are correct? (i) True algae are largely autotrophic eukaryotes. (ii) They occur in fresh water, brackish water and marine habitats. (iii) They are restricted only to moist soil, never aquatic.
Correct Answer: (a)
Algae are primarily aquatic organisms.
Q82. Heterospory is exhibited in pteridophytes such as:
Correct Answer: (b)
Selaginella and Salvinia produce microspores and megaspores and are heterosporous.
Q83. Match the groups with vascular tissue status:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Algae
1. No true vascular tissue
B. Bryophytes
2. First land plants with xylem and phloem
C. Pteridophytes
3. Well-developed vascular system with naked seeds
D. Gymnosperms
4. Mostly aquatic thalloid without vascular tissue
Correct Answer: (a)
Algae: aquatic/no vascular; Bryophytes: no true vascular; Pteridophytes: first vascular; Gymnosperms: seeds.
Q84. Agar used in microbial culture media is obtained from:
Correct Answer: (b)
Agar is extracted from red algae like Gelidium and Gracilaria.
Q85. Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems are predominantly:
Correct Answer: (c)
Algae are dominant primary producers in aquatic food chains.
Q86. Match the spore type with the representative plants:
Column-I (Spore Type)
Column-II (Plants)
A. Homosporous plants
1. Most pteridophytes
B. Heterosporous plants
2. Selaginella and 3. Salvinia
Correct Answer: (a)
Most pteridophytes are homosporous; Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous.
Q87. Features of conifer leaves – which statements are correct? (i) Needle-like leaves reduce surface area. (ii) Thick cuticle reduces water loss. (iii) Sunken stomata increase transpiration.
Correct Answer: (a)
Sunken stomata help to reduce water loss by transpiration.
Q88. Fucoxanthin is the characteristic pigment of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Brown colour of Phaeophyceae is mainly due to the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin.
Q89. Cyanobacteria are no longer considered algae mainly because they:
Correct Answer: (c)
Cyanobacteria are unicellular or filamentous prokaryotes placed in Monera, not eukaryotic algae.
Q90. In pteridophytes, the main plant body is:
Correct Answer: (b)
Pteridophytes have a dominant diploid sporophyte differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
Q91. Pteridophytes – which statements are correct? (i) Sporophyte is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. (ii) Water is required for transfer of antherozoids to archegonium. (iii) Roots lack vascular tissue.
Correct Answer: (a)
Pteridophytes possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) in their roots, stems, and leaves.
Q92. Match the plant body with its feature:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Liverwort
1. Dorsiventral thallus, gemma cups
B. Moss
2. Upright leafy axes from protonema
C. Fern
3. Dorsiventral thallus of liverwort
D. Marchantia
4. Sporophyte with macrophylls
Correct Answer: (a)
Liverworts are dorsiventral; mosses have protonema stages; ferns have macrophylls; Marchantia has gemma cups.
Q93. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they:
Correct Answer: (c)
Bryophytes live mainly on land but need water for motile sperm to reach the egg.
Q94. In Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification, cyanobacteria were placed under:
Correct Answer: (b)
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic and belong to Kingdom Monera, although earlier systems grouped them with algae in Plantae.
Q95. Match the pteridophyte classes with their examples:
Column-I (Class)
Column-II (Example)
A. Psilopsida
1. Psilotum
B. Lycopsida
2. Selaginella, Lycopodium
C. Sphenopsida
3. Equisetum
D. Pteropsida
4. Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard classification of pteridophytes as per NCERT.
Q96. Assertion: Bryophyte sporophyte is partially parasitic on gametophyte.
Reason: Bryophyte sporophyte is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.
Correct Answer: (a)
The sporophyte depends nutritionally on the attached gametophyte, hence is partially parasitic on it.
Q97. Coralloid roots with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are characteristic of:
Q98. Assertion: Gymnosperms are called naked-seeded plants.
Reason: Their ovules and seeds are not enclosed by any ovary wall.
Correct Answer: (a)
Gymnosperm ovules and seeds are exposed on megasporophylls, not enclosed by ovary, hence 'naked-seeded'.
Q99. Assertion: Pollen tube in gymnosperms carries male gametes to archegonia.
Reason: After reaching ovule, pollen tube releases male gametes near mouth of archegonium.
Correct Answer: (a)
In gymnosperms, pollen tube grows through nucellus and discharges male gametes close to archegonia.
Q100. In brown algae, which statements are correct? (i) Vegetative cells have cellulose wall with outer gelatinous algin. (ii) Asexual reproduction occurs by biflagellate pear-shaped zoospores. (iii) Gametes are non-flagellate and non-motile.
Correct Answer: (a)
Sexual gametes in brown algae are pyriform (pear-shaped) and possess two laterally attached flagella, so (iii) is incorrect.
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