Q1. In grasses, guard cells are characteristically:
Correct Answer: (b)
In grasses, the guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
Q2. Assertion: Trichomes on stems may be secretory.
Reason: Trichomes only provide mechanical strength and are always non-secretory.
Correct Answer: (c)
Trichomes are epidermal hairs on the stem and they may be secretory. The reason is incorrect as they aren't 'always' non-secretory.
Q3. Xylem and phloem together constitute:
Correct Answer: (c)
The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles.
Q4. The tissue between upper and lower epidermis of a leaf is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The tissue between the two epidermal layers is called the mesophyll.
Q5. Study of the internal structure of plants is called:
Correct Answer: (c)
Plant anatomy is the study of the internal structure and functional organisation of higher plants.
Q6. Stomatal aperture, guard cells and surrounding subsidiary cells together form the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The combination is termed the stomatal apparatus.
Q7. Regarding dicot stems, which statements are correct? (i) Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. (ii) Each vascular bundle is conjoint and open. (iii) Endodermis is rich in starch grains.
Correct Answer: (d)
Dicot stems have a ring of open bundles and a starch sheath.
Q8. Root hairs are:
Correct Answer: (b)
Root hairs are unicellular elongations of the epidermal cells (epiblema).
Q9. Epidermis of the primary plant body is usually:
Correct Answer: (b)
Epidermis is usually single-layered, made of compactly arranged cells forming a continuous layer.
Q10. A major function of trichomes on the shoot is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Trichomes help in preventing water loss due to transpiration.
Q11. Assertion: In dicot stems, vascular bundles are open.
Reason: They contain a cambium between xylem and phloem that can form secondary tissues.
Correct Answer: (a)
The term 'open' refers to the potential for secondary growth due to the presence of cambium.
Q12. Compared to dicot roots, monocot roots typically have:
Correct Answer: (b)
Monocot roots usually have more than six xylem bundles (polyarch).
Q13. Lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth in dicot roots originate from:
Correct Answer: (b)
Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth takes place in the pericycle.
Q14. The cortex of dicot root consists of several layers of:
Correct Answer: (b)
The cortex consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
Q15. In isobilateral leaves, mesophyll is:
Correct Answer: (b)
In monocot leaves, the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
Q16. The epidermal tissue system forms the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The epidermal tissue system forms the outer-most covering of the whole plant body.
Q17. Pith in monocot roots is:
Correct Answer: (b)
Pith is large and well developed in monocot roots.
Q18. Ring arrangement of vascular bundles is a characteristic feature of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Ring arrangement of vascular bundles is a characteristic feature of the dicot stem.
Q19. The outermost layer of a dicot root is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The outermost layer in the transverse section of a dicot root is the epiblema.
Q20. Assertion: Spongy parenchyma of dicot leaves has numerous air spaces.
Reason: These air spaces facilitate gaseous exchange within the leaf.
Correct Answer: (a)
The loose arrangement of spongy parenchyma creates air cavities for gas exchange.
Q21. Match the organ type with its leaf anatomy:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Dorsiventral leaf
(I) Mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma
B. Isobilateral leaf
(II) Mesophyll not differentiated; stomata on both surfaces
Correct Answer: (a)
Dicot (dorsiventral) vs Monocot (isobilateral) leaf anatomy.
Q22. The medullary rays in dicot stems are formed of:
Correct Answer: (a)
Medullary rays are parenchymatous cells radially placed between vascular bundles.
Q23. Vascular bundles of monocot stems are called closed because:
Correct Answer: (c)
Monocot vascular bundles lack cambium and do not form secondary tissues, hence they are 'closed'.
Q24. Epidermal hairs on the stem are called:
Correct Answer: (b)
On the stem, the epidermal hairs are called trichomes.
Q25. Regarding monocot stems, which statements are correct? (i) Vascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue. (ii) Each bundle is surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath. (iii) Phloem parenchyma is absent.
Correct Answer: (d)
Monocot stems are characterized by scattered bundles, sclerenchymatous sheaths, and lack of phloem parenchyma.
Q26. Assertion: In dicot leaves, palisade parenchyma is located on the adaxial side.
Reason: Palisade cells receive more light and are important for photosynthesis.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true, but the location is a result of structural differentiation rather than just light reception being the 'reason' for its anatomical definition.
Q27. Regarding isobilateral monocot leaves, which statements are correct? (i) Stomata are present on both surfaces of the leaf. (ii) Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy. (iii) Bulliform cells occur in abaxial epidermis along the veins.
Correct Answer: (a)
Bulliform cells occur on the adaxial (upper) epidermis, not abaxial.
Q28. In dicot stem, the hypodermis is mainly formed of:
Correct Answer: (b)
The hypodermis in dicot stems consists of a few layers of collenchymatous cells.
Q29. In flowering plants, cells are organised into tissues, and tissues into:
Correct Answer: (b)
Cells are organised into tissues and in turn the tissues are organised into organs such as roots, stems, and leaves.
Q30. How many main tissue systems are recognised on the basis of structure and location in the plant body?
Correct Answer: (b)
Based on structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems: epidermal, ground, and vascular.
Q31. The inner walls of guard cells (towards the stomatal pore) are:
Correct Answer: (b)
The inner walls of guard cells are highly thickened, while the outer walls are thin.
Q32. In a typical dicot leaf, more stomata are present on:
Correct Answer: (b)
The abaxial (lower) epidermis generally bears more stomata than the adaxial (upper) epidermis.
Q33. Spongy parenchyma in dicot leaf is characterised by:
Correct Answer: (b)
Spongy parenchyma is oval or round and loosely arranged with large intercellular spaces and air cavities.
Q34. The innermost layer of cortex in dicot stem, rich in starch grains, is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The innermost cortical layer is called the starch sheath because it is rich in starch grains.
Q35. Each stoma is bordered by:
Correct Answer: (a)
Each stoma is composed of two bean-shaped cells known as guard cells.
Q36. In monocot stem, vascular bundles are:
Correct Answer: (b)
Monocot stem has a large number of scattered vascular bundles.
Q37. Water-containing cavities in monocot stem are located:
Correct Answer: (b)
Water-containing cavities are present within the vascular bundles in monocot stems.
Q38. The epidermis covering the upper surface of a dicot leaf is termed:
Correct Answer: (b)
The upper surface epidermis is adaxial; the lower is abaxial.
Q39. Regarding dicot roots, which statements are correct? (i) Epiblema is the outermost layer. (ii) Endodermis has Casparian strips. (iii) Pith is large and well developed.
Correct Answer: (a)
In dicot roots, pith is small or inconspicuous.
Q40. Function of hypodermal collenchyma in dicot stems is mainly:
Correct Answer: (c)
Hypodermal collenchyma provides mechanical strength to the young stem.
Q41. In most conjoint vascular bundles of stems and leaves, phloem is usually located:
Correct Answer: (b)
In conjoint vascular bundles, phloem is usually located only on the outer side of xylem.
Q42. Regarding epidermal tissue system, which statements are correct? (i) It forms the outermost covering of the whole plant body. (ii) It includes stomata and trichomes. (iii) It forms the main bulk of the plant body.
Correct Answer: (a)
Ground tissue forms the main bulk, not epidermal tissue.
Q43. Cuticle is generally absent in:
Correct Answer: (c)
Cuticle is absent in roots because roots need to absorb water, not prevent its entry/exit via a waxy layer.
Q44. Regarding ground tissue in stems and roots, which statements are correct? (i) It consists mainly of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. (ii) Cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays are parts of ground tissue. (iii) It is completely absent in leaves.
Correct Answer: (a)
In leaves, ground tissue is present as mesophyll.
Q45. Which of the following is NOT a basic tissue system of flowering plants?
Correct Answer: (d)
The three basic tissue systems are epidermal, ground (fundamental), and vascular (conducting).
Q46. Match the organ with a key anatomical feature:
Column-I (Organ)
Column-II (Anatomical Feature)
A. Monocot root
(I) Polyarch xylem, large pith
B. Dicot root
(II) Small or inconspicuous pith
C. Monocot stem
(III) Scattered closed vascular bundles
D. Dicot stem
(IV) Ring of open vascular bundles
Correct Answer: (a)
Matches major anatomical differences between monocot and dicot organs.
Q47. Monocotyledonous roots do NOT normally undergo:
Correct Answer: (b)
Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo any secondary growth.
Q48. Many cells of epiblema in roots protrude as:
Correct Answer: (b)
Many epiblema cells protrude in the form of unicellular root hairs.
Q49. According to the summary, plant tissues are broadly classified into:
Correct Answer: (a)
The two primary categories of plant tissues are meristematic (growth) and permanent (functional).
Q50. Walls of endodermal cells in roots show deposition of suberin in the form of:
Correct Answer: (b)
The tangential and radial walls of endodermal cells have suberin deposition called Casparian strips.
Q51. Mesophyll of a dicot leaf is composed of:
Correct Answer: (a)
The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma in a dicot leaf.
Q52. In dicot roots, parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem are called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The parenchymatous cells which lie between the xylem and the phloem are called conjunctive tissue.
Q53. In monocot stem, the hypodermis is mainly:
Correct Answer: (c)
A monocot stem has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis.
Q54. Vascular bundles in dicot leaves occur in:
Correct Answer: (c)
Vascular bundles in a leaf are seen in the veins and the midrib.
Q55. Bulliform cells are:
Correct Answer: (b)
In grasses, certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins become large, empty, and colourless; these are bulliform cells.
Q56. In conjoint vascular bundles, xylem and phloem are:
Correct Answer: (b)
In conjoint bundles, xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius.
Q57. Vascular bundles in dicot leaves are surrounded by a layer of:
Correct Answer: (b)
The vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick-walled bundle sheath cells.
Q58. Regarding dorsiventral dicot leaves, which statements are correct? (i) Abaxial epidermis usually has more stomata. (ii) Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. (iii) Bundle sheath surrounds the vascular bundles.
Correct Answer: (d)
These are characteristic features of a dicot leaf section.
Q59. In the shoot system, trichomes are usually:
Correct Answer: (b)
Trichomes in the shoot system are usually multicellular and may be branched or unbranched.
Q60. Ground tissue consists mainly of which simple tissues?
Correct Answer: (a)
Ground tissue consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Q61. Secondary growth commonly occurs in:
Correct Answer: (b)
Secondary growth is a feature of most dicot roots and stems but is absent in monocots.
Q62. Vascular bundles in monocot stem are:
Correct Answer: (b)
Vascular bundles in monocot stems are conjoint and closed.
Q63. Assertion: Monocotyledonous roots do not show secondary growth.
Reason: Their vascular bundles lack cambium.
Correct Answer: (a)
Secondary growth requires lateral meristems (cambium), which are absent in monocots.
Q64. In dicot stems, the presence of cambium between xylem and phloem makes the vascular bundles:
Correct Answer: (b)
Presence of cambium allows secondary growth, making the bundles 'open'.
Q65. Epidermal tissue system comprises epidermal cells, stomata and:
Correct Answer: (b)
It comprises epidermal cells, stomata and the epidermal appendages—the trichomes and hairs.
Q66. The innermost layer of cortex in roots is called:
Correct Answer: (c)
The innermost layer of the cortex is the endodermis.
Q67. When xylem and phloem in a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner along different radii, the arrangement is:
Correct Answer: (d)
Radial arrangement is characteristic of roots, where xylem and phloem alternate along different radii.
Q68. The waxy thick layer covering the outer side of epidermis is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
The outside of the epidermis is often covered with a waxy thick layer called the cuticle to prevent water loss.
Q69. Assertion: Epidermis in primary plant body is usually single-layered.
Reason: Epidermal cells are compactly arranged to form a continuous layer.
Correct Answer: (a)
Epidermis is the outermost layer and is usually a single continuous layer of compactly arranged parenchymatous cells.
Q70. Match the tissue system with its main components:
Column-I (Tissue System)
Column-II (Components)
A. Epidermal tissue system
(I) Epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes
B. Ground tissue system
(II) Cortex, pericycle, pith
C. Vascular tissue system
(III) Xylem, phloem
Correct Answer: (a)
Matches based on the classification of plant tissue systems.
Q71. Assertion: Conjoint vascular bundles are common in stems and leaves.
Reason: In such bundles, xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius.
Correct Answer: (a)
Conjoint bundles have xylem and phloem on the same radius, typical of stems and leaves.
Q72. Assertion: Cuticle is absent in roots.
Reason: Cuticle prevents excessive absorption of water in roots.
Correct Answer: (c)
Assertion is true (cuticle is absent in roots). Reason is false because cuticle prevents water loss, not absorption; its absence in roots allows water absorption.
Q73. Assertion: Ground tissue system forms the main bulk of the plant.
Reason: Ground tissue includes cortex, pericycle and pith in many organs.
Correct Answer: (a)
Ground tissue comprises everything except epidermis and vascular bundles, thus forming the bulk.
Q74. Which feature best distinguishes monocot and dicot stems anatomically as per the chapter?
Correct Answer: (b)
Cambium (Open vs Closed) and Bundle arrangement (Ring vs Scattered) are the major distinctions.
Q75. When bulliform cells become flaccid due to water stress, leaves:
Correct Answer: (c)
When bulliform cells are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss.
Q76. Which one of the following plant tissue types is correctly matched with a function mentioned in the chapter?
Correct Answer: (b)
Ground tissue performs storage and mechanical support functions.
Q77. In isobilateral (monocot) leaves, stomata are present:
Correct Answer: (c)
In an isobilateral leaf, stomata are present on both surfaces of the epidermis.
Q78. The vascular tissue system is formed by:
Correct Answer: (b)
The vascular system consists of complex tissues—the phloem and the xylem.
Q79. In monocot stem, which tissue is absent from phloem?
Correct Answer: (c)
Phloem parenchyma is absent in monocotyledonous stems.
Q80. The primary function of stomata is to regulate:
Correct Answer: (b)
Stomata regulate the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange.
Q81. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The ground tissue system consists of all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.
Q82. The central region of dicot stem, occupied by rounded parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces, is the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The central portion occupied by rounded parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces is the pith.
Q83. Epidermal cells are generally:
Correct Answer: (c)
Epidermal cells are parenchymatous with a small amount of cytoplasm and a large vacuole.
Q84. The parallel venation of monocot leaves is reflected anatomically by:
Correct Answer: (b)
Parallel venation is reflected in the near similar sizes of vascular bundles (except in main veins) as seen in vertical sections.
Q85. Which cells associated with stomata may become specialised in shape and size and are called subsidiary cells?
Correct Answer: (b)
A few epidermal cells in the vicinity of guard cells become specialised and are called subsidiary cells.
Q86. In leaves, the ground tissue consisting of thin-walled chloroplast-containing cells is called:
Correct Answer: (c)
In leaves, the ground tissue is called mesophyll.
Q87. Each vascular bundle in dicot stem is:
Correct Answer: (b)
Dicot stem vascular bundles are conjoint, open, and have endarch protoxylem.
Q88. Mesophyll cells mainly perform:
Correct Answer: (c)
Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis.
Q89. In dicot stem, pericycle occurs:
Correct Answer: (b)
Pericycle is present on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem.
Q90. Conjoint vascular bundles are commonly found in:
Correct Answer: (b)
Conjoint vascular bundles are common in stems and leaves.
Q91. Assertion: The endodermis of dicot stems is also called starch sheath.
Reason: Its cells are rich in starch grains.
Correct Answer: (a)
The starch sheath is a specialized endodermis in the stem that stores starch.
Q92. Each vascular bundle in monocot stem is surrounded by:
Correct Answer: (c)
Each vascular bundle in monocot stems is surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
Q93. The layer just inside the endodermis in roots, consisting of a few layers of thick-walled cells, is called:
Correct Answer: (a)
Next to the endodermis lies the pericycle, composed of thick-walled parenchymatous cells.
Q94. Stomata occur mainly in the:
Correct Answer: (c)
Stomata are structures present in the epidermis of leaves.
Q95. Root hairs primarily help in:
Correct Answer: (c)
Root hairs help absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Q96. Match the tissue/structure with its location:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Bulliform cells
(I) Adaxial epidermis of grass leaves
B. Casparian strips
(II) Endodermis of roots
C. Starch sheath
(III) Endodermis of dicot stem
D. Conjunctive tissue
(IV) Between xylem and phloem in dicot root
Correct Answer: (a)
Identifies specific locations of anatomical structures.
Q97. The three main parts seen in vertical section of a dorsiventral (dicot) leaf are:
Correct Answer: (b)
The vertical section of a dorsiventral leaf shows three main parts: epidermis, mesophyll and vascular system.
Q98. In a young dicot stem, the outermost protective layer is:
Correct Answer: (c)
The epidermis is the outermost protective layer of the stem.
Q99. Palisade parenchyma cells in a dicot leaf are:
Correct Answer: (b)
Palisade parenchyma is made up of elongated cells arranged vertically and parallel to each other.
Q100. All tissues inner to endodermis such as pericycle, vascular bundles and pith together constitute the:
Correct Answer: (a)
All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis constitute the stele.
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