Correct Answer: (a)
Symptoms and conditions related to the thyroid gland.
Q2. Exopthalmic goitre (Graves’ disease) is a form of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Exopthalmic goitre is a form of hyperthyroidism characterized by protrusion of eyeballs.
Q3. Progesterone is primarily secreted by the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The corpus luteum secretes mainly progesterone.
Q4. Which of the following is correct? (i) Hypothalamic hormones are released from nerve endings. (ii) Pituitary gland is attached by a stalk. (iii) TCT regulates blood calcium.
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard facts from the endocrine system overview.
Q5. Glucagon is secreted by which cells of the Islets of Langerhans?
Correct Answer: (b)
Alpha-cells secrete glucagon, while beta-cells secrete insulin.
Q6. The two lobes of the thyroid gland are interconnected with a thin flap of connective tissue called:
Correct Answer: (a)
Both the lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of connective tissue called isthmus.
Q7. Assertion: Endocrine glands are called ductless glands.
Reason: They lack ducts and release their secretions directly into the blood.
Correct Answer: (a)
Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood because they lack a duct system.
Q8. Assertion: Steroid hormones usually have membrane-bound receptors.
Reason: They generate second messengers like cyclic AMP inside the target cell.
Correct Answer: (d)
Steroids have intracellular receptors and do not typically use second messengers; peptide hormones use membrane-bound receptors.
Q9. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a ______ hormone.
Correct Answer: (b)
PTH increases the blood Ca2+ levels, making it a hypercalcemic hormone.
Q10. Assertion: The posterior pituitary is also known as neurohypophysis.
Reason: It is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: (a)
Its neural connection and structure give it the name neurohypophysis.
Q11. Hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary gland through which system?
Correct Answer: (c)
Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary through a portal circulatory system.
Q12. Regarding the hormone 'Epinephrine': (i) Increases rate of respiration. (ii) Increases alertness. (iii) Stimulates breakdown of lipids and proteins.
Correct Answer: (a)
Catecholamines have wide-ranging stimulating effects on the body.
Q13. Which hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary?
Correct Answer: (b)
Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
Q14. Which statements about male and female hormones are correct? (i) Androgens regulate spermatogenesis. (ii) Estrogen stimulates mammary gland development. (iii) Progesterone supports pregnancy. (iv) Both produce anabolic effects on metabolism.
Correct Answer: (a)
All points are part of the gonad hormone descriptions.
Q15. Regarding the hormone Melatonin: (i) It is secreted by the pineal gland. (ii) It regulates the 24-hour diurnal rhythm. (iii) It influences metabolism and pigmentation. (iv) It plays a role in the defense capability of the body.
Correct Answer: (a)
All these functions are explicitly listed for melatonin in section 19.2.3.
Q16. Assertion: Pituitary dwarfism is caused by low secretion of GH.
Reason: GH stimulates abnormal growth of the body.
Correct Answer: (a)
Low GH causes dwarfism, but the second statement describes the general function of GH, not specifically why low levels cause dwarfism.
Q17. Match the following for metabolic effects:
Term
Meaning
A. Glycogenolysis
(I) Breakdown of glycogen
B. Gluconeogenesis
(II) Formation of glucose from non-carbs
C. Glycogenesis
(III) Conversion of glucose to glycogen
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard metabolic terminology used in the chapter.
Q18. Match the glands in Column-I with their locations in Column-II:
Column-I (Gland)
Column-II (Location)
A. Hypothalamus
(I) Sella tursica
B. Pituitary
(II) Basal part of diencephalon
C. Pineal
(III) Dorsal side of forebrain
D. Thymus
(IV) Between lungs behind sternum
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard anatomical locations from Chapter 19.
Q19. Which statements about the Thymus gland are correct? (i) It secretes thymosins. (ii) It is a lobular structure located behind the sternum. (iii) It degenerates in old individuals. (iv) It helps in the production of antibodies.
Correct Answer: (a)
All points are correct regarding the thymus and its role in immunity.
Q20. Assertion: The neural coordination is fast but short-lived.
Reason: Hormones provide continuous regulation for cellular functions not innervated by nerve fibres.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true, but the reason doesn't explain why neural coordination is fast; it explains why hormonal coordination is needed as a supplement.
Q21. Which of the following are correctly described by the given statements? (i) They act as intercellular messengers. (ii) They are produced in trace amounts. (iii) They are non-nutrient chemicals.
Correct Answer: (b)
These three points are the key features of the current scientific definition of hormones.
Q22. Which part of the brain is the basal part of the diencephalon and regulates a wide spectrum of body functions?
Correct Answer: (b)
The hypothalamus is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain.
Q23. Underproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex leads to:
Correct Answer: (b)
Underproduction of adrenal cortex hormones causes acute weakness and fatigue leading to Addison's disease.
Q24. On the basis of chemical nature, insulin and glucagon are ______ hormones.
Correct Answer: (c)
Insulin and glucagon are peptide/polypeptide/protein hormones.
Q25. Oxytocin and Vasopressin are actually synthesized by the:
Correct Answer: (c)
Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized by the hypothalamus and transported axonally to neurohypophysis.
Q26. Match the GI tract hormones with their primary actions:
Column-I (Hormone)
Column-II (Action)
A. Gastrin
(I) Secretion of HCl
B. Secretin
(II) Water and bicarbonate secretion
C. CCK
(III) Pancreatic enzyme release
D. GIP
(IV) Inhibits gastric secretion
Correct Answer: (a)
GI tract hormone functions from section 19.3.
Q27. Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes and ______ to enhance glucose uptake.
Correct Answer: (b)
Insulin acts mainly on hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue).
Q28. Match the disorders with their descriptions:
Column-I (Disorder)
Column-II (Description)
A. Diabetes Insipidus
(I) ADH deficiency
B. Diabetes Mellitus
(II) Insulin deficiency / resistance
C. Graves' Disease
(III) Hyperthyroidism
D. Addison's Disease
(IV) Adrenal cortex underproduction
Correct Answer: (a)
Correct medical conditions based on the text.
Q29. The main mineralocorticoid in our body is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid in our body.
Q30. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress and are called:
Correct Answer: (b)
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are commonly called catecholamines.
Q31. Endocrine glands are called ductless glands because they:
Correct Answer: (a)
Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence called ductless glands.
Q32. Assertion: The adrenal medulla is centrally located in the adrenal gland.
Reason: Outside the medulla lies the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer: (a)
Both are anatomical facts, but the location of the cortex doesn't 'explain' why the medulla is central (it is simply the arrangement).
Q33. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causing defective development of the baby leads to:
Correct Answer: (c)
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy leads to stunted growth (cretinism) and mental retardation.
Q34. Assertion: Hypothalamus is the master regulator of the endocrine system.
Reason: It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: (a)
By controlling the pituitary, the hypothalamus controls most of the body's endocrine functions.
Q35. Assertion: Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in our body.
Reason: Glucocorticoids are involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
Correct Answer: (a)
Both are true, but the involvement in metabolism is a function, not the reason why cortisol is the 'main' one.
Q36. Match the following organ hormones:
Organ
Hormone
A. Heart
(I) Erythropoietin
B. Kidney
(II) ANF
C. Testis
(III) Testosterone
D. Ovary
(IV) Progesterone
Correct Answer: (a)
Organs and their primary hormonal secretions.
Q37. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by:
Correct Answer: (b)
Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
Q38. Assertion: Melatonin influences the menstrual cycle.
Reason: It is secreted by the pineal gland.
Correct Answer: (a)
Both are true facts about melatonin, but the site of secretion does not explain its physiological effect on the cycle.
Q39. Assertion: Adrenaline is called the 'emergency hormone'.
Reason: It is rapidly secreted in response to stress and emergency situations.
Correct Answer: (a)
Its immediate secretion during the 'fight or flight' response defines the name.
Q40. Which of the following organs is correctly matched with its non-endocrine hormone secretion? (i) Heart – ANF. (ii) Kidney – Erythropoietin. (iii) Liver – Bile juice (Bile is not a hormone). (iv) GI Tract – Gastrin.
Correct Answer: (a)
Bile is a digestive fluid, not a hormone, though the liver does produce other hormones (IGF etc, not listed here).
Q41. Identify the correct statements regarding the hypothalamus: (i) It is the basal part of the diencephalon. (ii) It contains groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei. (iii) It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones. (iv) It regulates the posterior pituitary via a portal system.
Correct Answer: (a)
Statement (iv) is incorrect; the posterior pituitary is under direct neural regulation, not portal circulatory regulation.
Q42. Match the following pituitary hormones with their target actions:
Column-I
Column-II
A. TSH
(I) Milk formation
B. Prolactin
(II) Thyroid hormone synthesis
C. ACTH
(III) Glucocorticoid secretion
D. MSH
(IV) Skin pigmentation
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard functions of anterior pituitary hormones.
Q43. Assertion: Graves' disease is characterized by weight loss.
Reason: It is a form of hyperthyroidism which increases the basal metabolic rate.
Correct Answer: (a)
High metabolism in hyperthyroidism leads to the burning of energy and weight loss.
Q44. Choose the correct statements regarding the hormone action mechanism: (i) Hormone-receptor complex formation leads to biochemical changes. (ii) Protein hormones interact with membrane-bound receptors. (iii) Steroid hormones interact with intracellular receptors. (iv) Receptors are specific to one hormone only.
Correct Answer: (a)
These are the fundamental principles of hormonal signaling.
Q45. Identify correct features of the 'Islets of Langerhans': (i) Endocrine part of the pancreas. (ii) 1 to 2 million per pancreas. (iii) Secretes gastrin.
Correct Answer: (a)
Gastrin is secreted by the stomach/GI tract, not the Islets.
Q46. Which of the following acts as a second messenger?
Correct Answer: (b)
Hormones interacting with membrane-bound receptors generate second messengers like cyclic AMP, IP3, and Ca++.
Q47. The thymus gland secretes which peptide hormones?
Correct Answer: (b)
The thymus gland secretes the peptide hormones called thymosins.
Q48. Match the pancreatic cell with the hormone:
Cell type
Hormone
A. Alpha-cells
(I) Glucagon
B. Beta-cells
(II) Insulin
Correct Answer: (a)
Functional cell types in Islets of Langerhans.
Q49. Which are correct for 'Cortisol'? (i) Stimulates gluconeogenesis. (ii) Produces anti-inflammatory reactions. (iii) Suppresses the immune response.
Correct Answer: (a)
Functions listed in section 19.2.7.
Q50. Which hormone is secreted by the atrial wall of the heart to decrease blood pressure?
Correct Answer: (c)
The atrial wall secretes ANF, which causes vasodilation and reduces blood pressure.
Q51. Match hormone receptors with their location:
Receptor Type
Location
A. Membrane-bound
(I) Cell membrane
B. Intracellular
(II) Nucleus / Cytoplasm
Correct Answer: (a)
Receptor locations based on hormone chemistry.
Q52. Select correct statements for the GI tract hormones: (i) Gastrin stimulates HCl and pepsinogen. (ii) Secretin stimulates water and bicarbonate from pancreas. (iii) CCK stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bile juice. (iv) GIP stimulates gastric secretion.
Correct Answer: (a)
Statement (iv) is incorrect; GIP inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
Q53. Match the following for adrenal cortex hormones:
A. Cortisol
Glucocorticoid
B. Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid
Correct Answer: (a)
Classification of adrenal cortex hormones.
Q54. Which hormone regulates the growth of mammary glands and formation of milk?
Correct Answer: (b)
Prolactin regulates the growth of the mammary glands and formation of milk in them.
Q55. Which of the following statements about the pituitary gland are true? (i) Located in the sella tursica bony cavity. (ii) Pars distalis is commonly called anterior pituitary. (iii) Pars nervosa stores oxytocin and vasopressin. (iv) It is divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
Correct Answer: (a)
All these points are anatomical and functional facts about the pituitary gland.
Q56. Select the correct statements for Thyroid hormones: (i) Synthesis requires iodine. (ii) They regulate the basal metabolic rate. (iii) They support RBC formation. (iv) They maintain water and electrolyte balance.
Correct Answer: (a)
Thyroid hormones have diverse regulatory roles throughout the body.
Q57. Regarding the hormone Insulin: (i) It enhances cellular glucose uptake. (ii) It acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes. (iii) It stimulates glycogenesis. (iv) Deficiency results in diabetes insipidus.
Correct Answer: (a)
Deficiency of insulin leads to Diabetes Mellitus, not Diabetes Insipidus.
Q58. Identify correct descriptions for hormone classes: (i) Cortisol, testosterone, progesterone are steroids. (ii) Insulin, glucagon are proteins. (iii) Epinephrine is an amino-acid derivative. (iv) Thyroxine is an iodothyronine.
Correct Answer: (a)
Correct chemical grouping from section 19.4.
Q59. Cholecystokinin (CCK) acts on both ______ and ______ to release enzymes and bile juice.
Correct Answer: (b)
CCK acts on both pancreas and gall bladder.
Q60. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) is a protein hormone that:
Correct Answer: (b)
Glucagon increases blood sugar levels, thus it is a hyperglycemic hormone.
Q62. Assertion: Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone.
Reason: it stimulates glycogenesis in target cells.
Correct Answer: (a)
By converting glucose to glycogen, insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
Q63. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called:
Correct Answer: (b)
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called corpus luteum.
Q64. Which GI tract hormone stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions from the pancreas?
Correct Answer: (b)
Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions.
Q65. Assertion: Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) play opposite roles.
Reason: TCT lowers blood calcium levels while PTH increases them.
Correct Answer: (a)
They are antagonistic hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis.
Q66. Identify the correct features of catecholamines (Adrenaline/Noradrenaline): (i) They are emergency hormones. (ii) They increase heart beat and strength of contraction. (iii) They increase pupilary dilation and piloerection. (iv) They stimulate the breakdown of glycogen.
Correct Answer: (a)
Catecholamines prepare the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing energy availability and sensory input.
Q67. Select correct statements for the mechanism of protein hormone action: (i) Binding to membrane receptor. (ii) Generation of second messenger like cAMP. (iii) Modification of gene expression directly.
Correct Answer: (a)
Protein hormones typically do not modify gene expression directly; they use second messengers.
Q68. Regarding the Adrenal cortex: (i) Glucocorticoids regulate carbohydrate metabolism. (ii) Mineralocorticoids regulate water and electrolyte balance. (iii) Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid. (iv) Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid.
Correct Answer: (a)
All these classifications are found in section 19.2.7.
Q69. The Leydig cells (interstitial cells) of the testis produce a group of hormones called:
Correct Answer: (c)
Leydig cells produce a group of hormones called androgens, mainly testosterone.
Q70. An impairment affecting the synthesis or release of ADH leads to a condition called:
Correct Answer: (b)
Diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water due to ADH deficiency is known as Diabetes Insipidus.
Q71. Regarding the hormone Glucagon: (i) Secreted by alpha-cells. (ii) Stimulates glycogenolysis in hepatocytes. (iii) Reduces cellular glucose uptake. (iv) It is a hyperglycemic hormone.
Q72. Assertion: Deficiency of iodine leads to goitre.
Reason: Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Correct Answer: (a)
Without iodine, the thyroid cannot make T3/T4, causing the gland to enlarge.
Q73. Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid hormones) mostly regulate:
Correct Answer: (b)
Hormones with intracellular receptors mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function.
Q74. The hormone that regulates the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle is:
Correct Answer: (b)
Melatonin (Pineal gland) helps maintain the normal rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle.
Q75. Match the following adrenal cortex layers:
Column-I (Layer)
Column-II (Position)
A. Zona glomerulosa
(I) Inner layer
B. Zona fasciculata
(II) Middle layer
C. Zona reticularis
(III) Outer layer
Correct Answer: (a)
Anatomical arrangement of cortex layers.
Q76. Which element is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid?
Correct Answer: (c)
Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
Q77. Match the hormone with its specific effect:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Oxytocin
(I) Vigorous contraction of uterus
B. Vasopressin
(II) Resorption of water by distal tubules
C. Melatonin
(III) Diurnal rhythm
D. Thymosin
(IV) Differentiation of T-lymphocytes
Correct Answer: (a)
Key functions of peptide and neural hormones.
Q78. Match the following for hormone action:
Hormone
Mechanism
A. FSH
(I) Membrane bound receptor
B. Estrogen
(II) Intracellular receptor
Correct Answer: (a)
Based on chemical nature (FSH is protein, Estrogen is steroid).
Q79. The posterior pituitary is under the ______ regulation of the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: (b)
The posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
Q80. Match the hormones with their chemical nature:
Column-I (Hormone)
Column-II (Nature)
A. Insulin
(I) Steroid
B. Cortisol
(II) Peptide
C. Thyroxine
(III) Amino-acid derivative
D. Epinephrine
(IV) Iodothyronine
Correct Answer: (a)
Chemical classification provided in section 19.4.
Q81. Assertion: The thymus gland is essential for the immune system of young individuals.
Reason: It helps in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes which provide cell-mediated immunity.
Correct Answer: (a)
Thymosins from the thymus are critical for T-cell maturation.
Q82. Correct statements about 'Diabetes Mellitus': (i) Associated with loss of glucose through urine. (ii) Leads to formation of harmful ketone bodies. (iii) Patients are treated with insulin therapy. (iv) Caused by ADH deficiency.
Correct Answer: (a)
Statement (iv) is wrong; it is caused by insulin deficiency or resistance.
Q83. Regarding the 'Graafian follicles': (i) They grow under the influence of FSH. (ii) They secrete estrogen. (iii) They are found in the testis.
Correct Answer: (a)
Graafian follicles are ovarian structures.
Q84. Hormones of the adrenal medulla (catecholamines) increase:
Correct Answer: (d)
Catecholamines increase heart beat, strength of contraction, and rate of respiration.
Q85. Regarding the Thyroid gland structure: (i) Composed of follicles and stromal tissues. (ii) Each follicle is composed of follicular cells. (iii) Follicles enclose a cavity.
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard histological description from section 19.2.4.
Q86. Over-secretion of GH in adults, especially in middle age, can result in severe disfigurement called:
Correct Answer: (c)
Excess secretion of GH in adults leads to Acromegaly.
Q87. Assertion: ANF decreases blood pressure.
Reason: It causes vasodilation of blood vessels.
Correct Answer: (a)
Dilation of vessels reduces the pressure of the blood flowing through them.
Q88. Which of the following describes the 'Pancreas' correctly? (i) It is a composite gland (both exocrine and endocrine). (ii) Islets of Langerhans represent only 1-2% of pancreatic tissue. (iii) Glucagon is hyperglycemic. (iv) Insulin is hyperglycemic.
Correct Answer: (a)
Statement (iv) is incorrect; insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone.
Q89. Androgens stimulate ______ in males.
Correct Answer: (b)
Androgens produce anabolic effects and stimulate erythropoiesis (RBC formation).
Q90. Which region of the pituitary produces growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)?
Correct Answer: (c)
The pars distalis region of pituitary, commonly called anterior pituitary, produces GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH and FSH.
Q91. Assertion: Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone.
Reason: It stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood sugar.
Correct Answer: (a)
The biochemical actions of glucagon result in the elevation of blood glucose.
Q92. The pineal gland is located on the ______ side of the forebrain.
Correct Answer: (b)
The pineal gland is located on the dorsal side of forebrain.
Q93. Assertion: Diabetes insipidus leads to water loss and dehydration.
Reason: It is caused by the over-secretion of ADH.
Correct Answer: (a)
Diabetes insipidus is caused by the deficiency or under-secretion of ADH, not over-secretion.
Q94. Assertion: Hormone receptors are specific.
Reason: Each receptor is specific to one hormone only.
Correct Answer: (a)
Specificity means a one-to-one correspondence between the chemical and its receiver.
Q95. Match the following secondary messengers:
Hormone Class
Mechanism
A. Protein Hormones
(I) Generate second messengers (e.g. cAMP)
B. Steroid Hormones
(II) Interaction with genome
Correct Answer: (a)
Distinction between extracellular and intracellular signaling.
Q96. Assertion: Gastrin stimulates the secretion of HCl.
Reason: It acts on the gastric glands of the stomach.
Correct Answer: (a)
The target site (gastric glands) and the action (HCl secretion) are correctly linked.
Q97. Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body.
Q98. Erythropoietin, which stimulates RBC formation, is produced by:
Correct Answer: (c)
The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce erythropoietin.
Q99. Regarding the Parathyroid hormone (PTH): (i) It increases blood Ca2+ levels. (ii) It stimulates bone resorption. (iii) It increases Ca2+ reabsorption by renal tubules. (iv) It is a hypocalcemic hormone.
Correct Answer: (a)
Statement (iv) is incorrect; PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone (increases calcium).
Q100. According to the current scientific definition, hormones are:
Correct Answer: (c)
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
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