Q1. Which node is called the 'pacemaker' of the heart?
Correct Answer: (c)
The SAN is responsible for maintaining rhythmic activity, hence called the pacemaker.
Q2. Select correct statements for 'Double Circulation': (i) Pulmonary circulation involves right ventricle to lungs to left atrium. (ii) Systemic circulation involves left ventricle to body to right atrium. (iii) Deoxygenated blood is carried by systemic arteries.
Correct Answer: (a)
Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body.
Q3. The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called:
Correct Answer: (c)
The fluid in the lymphatic system is called lymph (tissue fluid).
Q4. Match the nodal tissues with their roles/locations:
Column-I
Column-II
A. SAN
(I) Pace-setter (transmits to entire musculature)
B. AVN
(II) Right upper corner of right atrium
C. Purkinje fibres
(III) Lower left corner of right atrium
D. Bundle of His
(IV) Minute fibres throughout ventricles
Correct Answer: (a)
Nodal tissue components of the heart.
Q5. ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface ______ on the RBCs.
Correct Answer: (b)
ABO grouping is based on antigens A and B on RBCs.
Q6. Which reptile has a 4-chambered heart unlike others?
Correct Answer: (c)
Reptiles have a 3-chambered heart, except for crocodiles which possess 4.
Q7. Which blood group is called the 'universal donor'?
Correct Answer: (d)
Group O blood can be donated to any other group, making them universal donors.
Q8. Regarding electrical leads in a standard ECG: (i) One to each wrist. (ii) One to the left ankle. (iii) Chest leads are used for detailed evaluation.
Correct Answer: (a)
Lead placement as described in section 15.3.3.
Q9. A blood pressure reading of 140/90 or higher is considered:
Q10. Which of the following is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements?
Correct Answer: (b)
Blood is defined in section 15.1 as a special connective tissue consisting of matrix, plasma, and formed elements.
Q11. The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle during a cardiac cycle is about 70 mL, called:
Correct Answer: (b)
Each ventricle pumps approx 70 mL, which is the stroke volume.
Q12. Match heart types with vertebrate groups:
Heart Type
Group
A. 2-chambered
(I) Amphibians and Reptiles
B. 3-chambered
(II) Fishes
C. 4-chambered
(III) Crocodiles, Birds, Mammals
Correct Answer: (a)
Comparative anatomy of vertebrate hearts.
Q13. Assertion: Fibrins trap damaged formed elements of blood.
Reason: Fibrins are formed from inactive fibrinogens by thrombin.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true facts about clotting, but formation doesn't explain the mechanism of trapping.
Q14. Open circulatory system is present in:
Correct Answer: (c)
Open circulatory systems are present in arthropods and molluscs.
Q15. Assertion: Spleen is called the graveyard of RBCs.
Reason: RBCs are destroyed in the spleen after their life span of 120 days.
Correct Answer: (a)
Destruction of old cells is why it's called the graveyard.
Q16. Assertion: Atrial systole increases flow of blood into ventricles by about 30%.
Reason: SAN generates action potential stimulating atrial contraction.
Correct Answer: (b)
Both are true, but the percentage increase is a consequence of contraction, which is initiated by SAN.
Q17. Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest occurs when:
Correct Answer: (a)
Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops beating.
Q18. Match the circulation pathways:
Type
Example
A. Open
(I) Arthropods
B. Closed
(II) Chordates
C. Double
(III) Mammals
Correct Answer: (a)
Classification of circulatory systems.
Q19. Select the correct statements for Rh grouping: (i) Observed in nearly 80 per cent of humans. (ii) Rh antigen is similar to one in Rhesus monkeys. (iii) Rh incompatibility can lead to erythroblastosis foetalis. (iv) Rh negative individuals have Rh antibodies naturally in plasma.
Correct Answer: (a)
Rh negative individuals form antibodies only when exposed to Rh positive blood, not naturally.
Q20. Assertion: Albumins are important plasma proteins.
Reason: They help in maintaining osmotic balance.
Correct Answer: (a)
As per section 15.1.1, albumins help in osmotic balance.
Q21. Match the heart sound with its cause:
Sound
Event
A. First (Lub)
(I) Closure of Semilunar valves
B. Second (Dub)
(II) Closure of Tricuspid/Bicuspid valves
Correct Answer: (a)
Clinical significance of heart sounds.
Q22. Heart is called myogenic because normal activities are regulated by:
Correct Answer: (c)
Heart is auto-regulated by nodal tissue, hence myogenic.
Q23. Regarding Heart failure: (i) Heart failure is the same as cardiac arrest. (ii) It is often called congestive heart failure. (iii) Congestion of lungs is a symptom.
Correct Answer: (a)
Section 15.6 explicitly states heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest.
Q24. What is the average life span of RBCs?
Correct Answer: (b)
RBCs have an average life span of 120 days.
Q25. Assertion: Lymph is a colourless fluid.
Reason: It lacks RBCs and certain large proteins.
Correct Answer: (a)
Lymph is essentially filtered blood minus the colored cells and large proteins.
Q26. Assertion: Hepatic portal vein carries blood from intestine to liver.
Reason: It is a unique vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver.
Correct Answer: (a)
The function and definition of the hepatic portal system match.
Q27. Assertion: Hypertension can lead to heart diseases.
Reason: High blood pressure affects vital organs like brain and kidney.
Correct Answer: (a)
Damage to vital organs is a direct consequence of chronic high BP.
Q28. Regarding heart anatomy: (i) Bicuspid valve is also called Mitral valve. (ii) Tricuspid valve has three flaps. (iii) Atrio-ventricular septum is thick and fibrous. (iv) Chordae tendineae are mentioned in the diagram (Fig 15.2).
Correct Answer: (a)
These are standard anatomical details from the text and diagrams.
Q29. Assertion: Basophils are involved in inflammatory reactions.
Reason: They secrete histamine, serotonin, and heparin.
Correct Answer: (a)
Secretory products of basophils are mediators of inflammation.
Q30. Regarding the ABO blood grouping system: (i) Based on surface antigens A and B on RBCs. (ii) Plasma contains natural antibodies anti-A and anti-B. (iii) Group AB is the universal recipient. (iv) Group O is the universal donor.
Correct Answer: (a)
All statements correctly describe the ABO system as per Table 15.1.
Q31. Which condition is characterized by acute chest pain when not enough oxygen reaches the heart muscle?
Correct Answer: (c)
Angina is a symptom of acute chest pain due to oxygen deficiency in the heart muscle.
Q32. Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly ______ per cent of the blood.
Correct Answer: (c)
Plasma constitutes nearly 55 per cent of the blood.
Q33. Which of the following is correct? (i) Alfonso Corti studied the auditory system. (ii) He discovered the organ of Corti in 1851. (iii) Mammalian RBCs are mostly biconcave.
Correct Answer: (a)
Introductory text and formed elements section match.
Q34. Match the clotting factors with their sequence:
Factor
Action
A. Prothrombin
(I) Forms clot threads
B. Thrombin
(II) Enzyme required to convert fibrinogen
C. Fibrin
(III) Inactive plasma substance
Correct Answer: (a)
Cascade mechanism components.
Q35. Assertion: Heart is myogenic in nature.
Reason: The normal activities of the heart are regulated by nodal tissue (specialised muscles).
Q36. Regarding the Cardiac Cycle: (i) Sequential event cyclically repeated. (ii) Total duration is 0.8 seconds. (iii) Atrial systole increases blood flow into ventricles by 30%. (iv) Ventricular systole causes closure of semilunar valves.
Correct Answer: (a)
Ventricular systole causes closure of AV valves; relaxation (diastole) causes closure of semilunars.
Q37. Regarding the lymphatic system: (i) Lymph is colourless. (ii) Contains specialised lymphocytes. (iii) Drains back to major veins. (iv) Transports oxygen to tissues.
Correct Answer: (a)
Lymph transports nutrients, hormones, and immune cells, but O2 transport is primarily by blood RBCs.
Q38. Choose the correct statements regarding ECG interpretation: (i) P-wave marks atrial depolarisation. (ii) QRS complex marks ventricular depolarisation. (iii) T-wave marks ventricular repolarisation. (iv) Any deviation from standard shape indicates potential disease.
Correct Answer: (a)
These are the fundamental interpretive rules for ECG.
Q39. Match the portal systems:
System
Pathway
A. Hepatic portal
(I) Heart to cardiac musculature
B. Renal portal
(II) Intestine to Liver
C. Coronary system
(III) Kidney to lower body (standard bio context)
Correct Answer: (a)
Portal and specific circulation systems.
Q40. Atherosclerosis is another name for:
Correct Answer: (c)
CAD is often referred to as atherosclerosis.
Q41. Which are the most abundant cells among total WBCs?
Correct Answer: (d)
Neutrophils are the most abundant cells (60-65%) of total WBCs.
Q42. Assertion: Human beings have double circulation.
Reason: Two separate circulatory pathways (pulmonary and systemic) are present.
Correct Answer: (a)
Double circulation refers to the blood passing through the heart twice for one full circuit.
Q43. Sympathetic nerves (ANS) can ______ the rate of heart beat.
Q44. Match the formed elements with their counts per mm³ of blood:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Erythrocytes
(I) 6000 – 8000
B. Leucocytes
(II) 5 million – 5.5 million
C. Platelets
(III) 1,50,000 – 3,50,000
Correct Answer: (a)
Standard counts as per NCERT text.
Q45. The second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Dub is associated with the closure of semilunar valves.
Q46. Match the blood groups with their antigens and antibodies:
Group
Antigen on RBC
Antibody in Plasma
A. Group A
(I) nil
(II) anti-A, B
B. Group AB
(III) A, B
(IV) nil
C. Group O
(V) A
(VI) anti-B
Correct Answer: (a)
Table 15.1: ABO matches.
Q47. Regarding blood pressure: (i) Normal BP is 120/80 mm Hg. (ii) 120 is systolic (pumping) pressure. (iii) 80 is diastolic (resting) pressure. (iv) 140/90 indicates hypertension.
Correct Answer: (a)
These values are explicitly stated in section 15.6.
Q48. Assertion: RBCs are biconcave in shape and lack a nucleus in most mammals.
Reason: This increases the surface area for the transport of respiratory gases.
Correct Answer: (a)
The biconcave, enucleated shape is a structural adaptation for gas transport efficiency.
Q49. The human heart is ______ in size.
Correct Answer: (b)
The human heart has the size of a clenched fist.
Q50. The condition 'erythroblastosis foetalis' occurs due to incompatibility of which factor?
Correct Answer: (b)
Erythroblastosis foetalis is a result of Rh incompatibility between mother and foetus.
Q51. Which ion plays a very important role in blood clotting?
Correct Answer: (c)
Calcium ions play a very important role in clotting.
Q52. Assertion: SAN is called the pacemaker.
Reason: It generates the maximum number of action potentials (70-75/min) and initiates heart contraction.
Correct Answer: (a)
Its ability to lead the heart rate makes it the pacemaker.
Q53. The vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver is the:
Correct Answer: (b)
The hepatic portal system carries blood from the intestine to the liver.
Q54. Which WBCs are phagocytic cells that destroy foreign organisms?
Correct Answer: (b)
Neutrophils and monocytes (6-8%) are phagocytic cells.
Q55. Which organ is known as the 'graveyard of RBCs'?
Correct Answer: (c)
RBCs are destroyed in the spleen (graveyard of RBCs).
Q56. Assertion: Fishes have single circulation.
Reason: Oxygenated blood from gills is supplied to body and deoxygenated returns to heart.
Correct Answer: (a)
A single loop through gills and body defines single circulation.
Q57. Assertion: Closed circulatory system is considered more advantageous than open system.
Reason: The flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated in a closed system.
Correct Answer: (a)
Precisely regulated flow is the key advantage of closed systems.
Q58. Which statements about CAD are correct? (i) Also called atherosclerosis. (ii) Affects vessels supplying heart muscle. (iii) Caused by deposits of calcium, fat, and cholesterol. (iv) Makes the lumen of arteries wider.
Correct Answer: (a)
CAD makes the lumen of arteries narrower.
Q59. Identify the correct features of the human heart: (i) Situated in the thoracic cavity, slightly tilted to the left. (ii) Protected by a double walled bag called pericardium. (iii) Has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles). (iv) Walls of atria are thicker than ventricles.
Correct Answer: (a)
Ventricular walls are much thicker than atrial walls.
Q60. Assertion: The T-wave in an ECG represents the return of ventricles to normal state.
Reason: This marks the end of systole.
Correct Answer: (a)
Repolarisation (T-wave) corresponds to the end of ventricular contraction.
Q61. Which cells secrete histamine, serotonin, and heparin?
Correct Answer: (a)
Basophils secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin, etc.
Q62. The network of threads formed during blood coagulation is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
A clot is formed mainly of a network of threads called fibrins.
Q63. Assertion: Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided in Rh-ve mothers.
Reason: By administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child.
Correct Answer: (a)
Prophylactic antibodies prevent the mother's immune system from becoming sensitized.
Q64. Select correct statements for 'Regulation of Cardiac Activity': (i) Heart is myogenic. (ii) Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate. (iii) Parasympathetic nerves decrease heart rate. (iv) Adrenal medullary hormones decrease cardiac output.
Q65. The QRS complex in a standard ECG represents:
Correct Answer: (b)
The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles.
Q66. Regarding Blood Coagulation: (i) It is a cascade process. (ii) Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrins. (iii) Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by thrombokinase. (iv) Platelets are not involved in this process.
Correct Answer: (a)
Platelets are essential as they release factors that activate coagulation.
Q67. Which of the following statements about WBCs are true? (i) They are colourless due to lack of haemoglobin. (ii) They are nucleated. (iii) Neutrophils are the least abundant. (iv) Monocytes are phagocytic.
Correct Answer: (a)
Neutrophils are the most abundant (60-65%), while basophils are the least.
Q68. Which of the following are correctly described by the given statements? (i) Constitutes nearly 55 per cent of the blood. (ii) 90-92 per cent is water. (iii) Contains proteins like Fibrinogen, Globulins and Albumins.
Correct Answer: (b)
These are the characteristics of plasma.
Q69. In an ECG, the P-wave represents:
Correct Answer: (c)
P-wave represents the electrical excitation or depolarisation of the atria.
Q70. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are cell fragments produced from:
Correct Answer: (b)
Platelets are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
Q71. RBCs are formed in the ______ in adults.
Correct Answer: (c)
RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow in adults.
Q72. The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by which valve?
Correct Answer: (c)
The tricuspid valve guards the right atrio-ventricular opening.
Q73. Which of the following phylum/group matches its circulatory system correctly? (i) Sponges – Water circulation through body cavities. (ii) Arthropods – Open circulatory system. (iii) Annelids – Closed circulatory system. (iv) Fishes – 3-chambered heart.
Correct Answer: (a)
Fishes have a 2-chambered heart.
Q74. Assertion: Tricuspid valve guards the right AV opening.
Reason: It is formed of three muscular flaps.
Correct Answer: (a)
Its name 'tri-cuspid' comes from the three flaps (cusps).
Q75. Match the cell characteristics:
Cell
Feature
A. RBCs
(I) Nucleated
B. WBCs
(II) Biconcave
C. Platelets
(III) Fragments
Correct Answer: (a)
Morphological features of formed elements.
Q76. Identify correct descriptions for Angina: (i) Also called 'angina pectoris'. (ii) Symptom of acute chest pain. (iii) Occurs when not enough oxygen reaches heart muscle. (iv) Only occurs in elderly people.
Correct Answer: (a)
Angina can occur in men and women of any age.
Q77. Identify correct features of the 'Cardiac Output': (i) Stroke volume × heart rate. (ii) Averages 5000 mL (5 litres) in a healthy individual. (iii) Cannot be altered by the body. (iv) Higher in athletes.
Correct Answer: (a)
The body can alter cardiac output by changing heart rate or stroke volume.
Q78. Identify the correct statements regarding RBCs: (i) Formed in the red bone marrow in adults. (ii) Biconcave in shape and devoid of nucleus in most mammals. (iii) Average life span is 120 days. (iv) Destroyed in the liver.
Correct Answer: (a)
Statement (iv) is incorrect; RBCs are destroyed in the spleen.
Q79. Each artery and vein consists of three layers. The inner lining of squamous endothelium is called:
Correct Answer: (c)
The inner lining is the tunica intima.
Q80. Match the heart valves with their locations:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Tricuspid valve
(I) Between left atrium and left ventricle
B. Bicuspid (Mitral)
(II) Between right atrium and right ventricle
C. Semilunar valves
(III) Opening of ventricles into PA/Aorta
Correct Answer: (a)
Anatomical positions of cardiac valves.
Q81. Assertion: Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
Reason: This is part of systemic circulation.
Correct Answer: (a)
Systemic circulation starts with the left ventricle and aorta.
Q82. Match the ECG waves with their events:
Wave
Event
A. P-wave
(I) Repolarisation of ventricles
B. QRS complex
(II) Depolarisation of atria
C. T-wave
(III) Depolarisation of ventricles
Correct Answer: (a)
ECG wave interpretations.
Q83. Match the plasma proteins with their primary functions:
Q84. The sino-atrial node (SAN) is located in which part of the heart?
Correct Answer: (b)
The SAN is in the right upper corner of the right atrium.
Q85. Match the disorders with their symptoms:
Disorder
Symptom/Cause
A. Hypertension
(I) Acute chest pain
B. CAD
(II) 140/90 BP
C. Angina
(III) Congestion of lungs
D. Heart failure
(IV) Atherosclerosis
Correct Answer: (a)
Disorders as described in section 15.6.
Q86. The duration of a single cardiac cycle in a healthy human is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Based on 72 beats per minute, the duration of one cycle is 0.8 seconds.
Q87. Fishes have a ______ chambered heart.
Correct Answer: (a)
Fishes have a 2-chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle.
Q88. Assertion: A person with blood group O is called a universal donor.
Reason: Their RBCs lack both A and B antigens.
Correct Answer: (a)
Absence of antigens prevents immune response in the recipient.
Q89. Which statements about Lymph are correct? (i) It is tissue fluid released from capillaries. (ii) It has the same mineral distribution as plasma. (iii) It contains specialised lymphocytes. (iv) Fats are absorbed through it in lacteals.
Correct Answer: (a)
All these points are detailed in section 15.2.
Q90. Match the leucocyte types with their percentage/description:
Column-I
Column-II
A. Neutrophils
(I) Least abundant (0.5-1%)
B. Basophils
(II) Most abundant (60-65%)
C. Monocytes
(III) Resist infections (2-3%)
D. Eosinophils
(IV) Phagocytic (6-8%)
Correct Answer: (a)
Percentage distribution of WBC types.
Q91. What is the average number of RBCs in a healthy adult man per mm³ of blood?
Correct Answer: (a)
A healthy adult man has 5 millions to 5.5 millions of RBCs mm–3.
Q92. Correct statements about the Pace-maker system: (i) SAN is the pacemaker. (ii) It is auto-excitable. (iii) AVN is located in the left atrium. (iv) Bundle of His transmits signals through ventricular musculature.
Correct Answer: (a)
AVN is in the lower left corner of the right atrium.
Q93. Which of the following describes the 'Z-scheme' or circulation correctly? (i) Single circulation is found in fishes. (ii) Incomplete double circulation in amphibians. (iii) Double circulation in mammals. (iv) Systemic circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Correct Answer: (a)
Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood to the body; pulmonary carries it to the lungs.
Q94. The average count of leucocytes (WBCs) per mm³ of blood is:
Correct Answer: (c)
Leucocytes average 6000-8000 mm–3 of blood.
Q95. The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of:
Correct Answer: (b)
Lub is associated with the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
Q96. Match the blood vessel layers:
Layer
Components
A. Tunica intima
(I) Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
B. Tunica media
(II) Squamous endothelium
C. Tunica externa
(III) Fibrous connective tissue / Collagen
Correct Answer: (a)
Histological layers of arteries and veins.
Q97. Assertion: Parasympathetic neural signals increase cardiac output.
Reason: They increase the rate of heart beat and strength of contraction.
Q98. Which of the following plasma proteins is primarily involved in defense mechanisms?
Correct Answer: (c)
Globulins are primarily involved in the defense mechanisms of the body.
Q99. Which are correct for 'clotting factors'? (i) Fibrinogen is a plasma protein. (ii) Fibrins are active threads. (iii) Factors are present in plasma in an inactive form.
Correct Answer: (a)
Clotting mechanism summary from section 15.1.4.
Q100. Plasma without the clotting factors is called:
Correct Answer: (b)
Section 15.1.1 states that plasma without clotting factors is called serum.
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