Genetics

Genetics is the bedrock of modern medicine, and it all began with the pioneering work of an Austrian monk, Gregor Johann Mendel. His experiments with pea plants in the 19th century laid down the fundamental principles of heredity, now known as Mendelian Genetics. For a medical aspirant, mastering these concepts is not just about clearing […]

For centuries, the question of how traits are passed from parents to offspring remained a profound mystery. The elegant work of Gregor Mendel in the 19th century established the fundamental principles of heredity—the laws of segregation and independent assortment—but the physical mechanisms behind these laws were unknown. The answer lay hidden within the nucleus of

Introduction The molecular basis of inheritance is a cornerstone of modern biology, explaining how genetic information is stored, replicated, and transmitted from one generation to the next. This concept, central to all life on Earth, resolves around the understanding that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as the fundamental genetic material. The journey to this discovery was

Introduction The molecular architecture of genetic material represents one of biology’s most elegant designs, providing the physical basis for heredity and cellular function. Understanding how nucleic acids are structured and organized within cells reveals fundamental insights into life processes at the molecular level. This article explores the detailed structures of DNA and RNA, their distinctive

Introduction The faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and its precise expression within each cell represent fundamental processes that sustain life. These molecular mechanisms ensure that genetic instructions are accurately copied during cell division and properly interpreted to build and maintain living organisms. This article explores the sophisticated processes of

Introduction Gene regulation represents one of the most sophisticated and elegant systems in biology, enabling cells to respond dynamically to their environment, differentiate into specialized types, and maintain homeostasis. Rather than expressing all genes constantly at maximum capacity, organisms have evolved precise regulatory mechanisms to control when, where, and how strongly genes are expressed. This

Introduction The dawn of the genomic era has revolutionized our understanding of biology, medicine, and evolution. Genomics—the comprehensive study of entire genomes—has transformed from a theoretical concept to a practical science with profound implications for research, healthcare, and society. This article explores the fundamental concepts of genomics, the landmark achievement of the Human Genome Project,

The concepts of sex determination and sex-linked inheritance are fundamental pillars of genetics, explaining not only how an organism’s sex is established but also how certain traits are passed down through generations in a sex-specific manner. This intricate dance of chromosomes and genes dictates everything from the anatomy of an individual to their susceptibility to

Our DNA is the fundamental blueprint of life, a complex code of over 20,000 genes instructing our body’s development, growth, and function. Sometimes, alterations or errors in this genetic blueprint can lead to disorders. Human genetic disorders are diseases caused, in whole or in part, by abnormalities in an individual’s genome. They can range from